Cognitive approach

• What do cognitive psychologists believe about internal processes?

  They should be studied scientifically.
• Why do cognitive psychologists study mental processes indirectly?

  Because mental processes are private and cannot be observed.
• What is believed about humans in the cognitive approach?

  Humans are information processors.
• What are schemas?

  Schemas are mental frameworks of beliefs and expectations developed through experience.
• How do schemas help individuals as they grow older?

  They become more detailed and sophisticated, helping to process information quickly.
• What is the cognitive approach's analogy for the human mind?

  • The human mind is similar to a computer.
  • It processes information from environmental stimuli.
  • It generates responses to sensory information.
• What are theoretical models in cognitive psychology?

  Abstract representations of mental processes in the brain.
• What do computational models represent in cognitive psychology?

  They frame the mind explicitly as a system that codes and stores information.
• What advanced techniques help observe mental processes in cognitive neuroscience?

  FMRI and PET scans.
• What did Raine et al (1997) find about murderers and brain activity?

  Murderers have less activity in the pre-frontal cortex, indicating impulsivity.
• Where are semantic memories located according to Tulving?

  In the parietal lobe.
• What is cognitive neuroscience concerned with?

  • Studying neurotypical individuals vs. patients with brain damage.
  • Mapping brain injuries using technologies like fMRI and PET scans.
  • Conducting cognitive tests while scanning to observe brain activity.
• How are comparisons made in cognitive neuroscience studies?

  Between healthy and damaged brains to infer cognitive processes.
• What does inference mean in the context of cognitive psychology?

  Going beyond immediate evidence to make assumptions about internal mental processes.
• What is a limitation of the cognitive approach?

  It has low external validity
• Why does the cognitive approach have low external validity?

  Because cognitive psychologists infer mental processes from observed behavior
• What do cognitive psychologists use to measure mental processes?

  Tests that measure behavior
• What is a consequence of inferring internal processes from behavior?

  There is no evidence of a connection between internal processes and recorded behavior
• What type of stimuli are often used in experimental studies on cognitive processes?

  Artificial stimuli
• How do artificial stimuli affect the cognitive approach?

  They may not represent real life
• What concept describes the oversimplification of human cognition in the cognitive approach?

  Machine reductionism
• What does machine reductionism fail to consider?

  The influence of emotions and motivations
• How can anxiety affect memory accuracy according to studies on EWT?

  Anxiety can significantly alter cognitive processes
• What risk does the cognitive approach face by ignoring emotional factors?

  It reduces the validity of its models
• How does oversimplification limit the cognitive approach's ability?

  It limits predictions of behavior in emotionally charged situations
• What is a strength of the cognitive approach?

  It has practical application
• Why is human thinking not as fixed or logical as computer operations?

  Because it is influenced by emotions and real-world factors
• How has cognitive psychology contributed to artificial intelligence?

  It has made positive contributions to the development of thinking machines
• What is one application of cognitive principles in mental health?

  They have been applied to treatments for depression
• What does the practical application of the cognitive approach support?

  The value of the cognitive approach