Feminism

• What is the main focus of Liberal Feminism?

  Gender equality
• Why was female crime not studied according to the text?

  Because fieldwork was predominantly conducted on male subjects
• According to Smart & Heidensohn, why do women commit fewer crimes?

  Women tend to commit fewer crimes and those are often less serious
• What percentage of women prisoners were serving sentences of less than 12 months according to the Prison Reform Trust 2022?

  66%
• How many women were sent to prison in 2021?

  Approximately 4,000 prisoners
• What percentage of fraud is committed by women compared to men?

  12% for women; 15% for men
• What percentage of arrests are accounted for by males?

  85%
• What percentage of women entering prison in 2021 received a sentence of less than six months?

  50%
• How has the percentage of women receiving sentences of less than six months changed from 2019 to 2021?

  It has decreased from 42% in 2019
• What do Parsons' gender roles suggest about women?

  • Women are naturally more expressive
  • Women are home-oriented
  • Biological differences influence criminal behavior
• Why is Sutherland's male theory considered insufficient?

  It does not explain the disparity between males and females in crime
• What are the evaluations of control theories regarding female crime?

  • Validity of statistics
  • The criminal justice system is lenient
  • Thesis by Campbell
• What cultural emergence in the 1980s affected women's involvement in crime?

  The emergence of lads culture
• How has women's involvement in nighttime leisure culture affected female criminal behavior?

  It has led to an increase in female criminal behavior
• What is the impact of more women working on crime opportunities?

  It provides increased opportunities for women to commit crime
• What are the individual, social, and environmental factors influencing crime?

  • Individual factors: biological, psychological, personality-based
  • Social factors: upbringing, family life, peer groups, social class
  • Environmental factors: availability of opportunities, lack of supervision
• What does Carlen argue about women's reasons for committing crime?

  Women commit crime to provide for their children or to survive
• What are the two deals presented by Carlen?

  • The gender deal: Ceding to men's dominance for material benefits
  • The class deal: Forfeiting opportunities for security and a good life
• How does the postmodern view of female criminality differ from traditional views?

  It considers the diversity of women's experiences and challenges traditional notions of femininity
• What factors influence women's criminality according to the postmodern view?

  Low income, high stress levels, lack of support networks
• What does the postmodern view say about the definition of crime?

  It has changed, leading to more people being labeled as criminals
• What do Dobash and Dobash argue about marriage and domestic violence?

  Marriage is an unequal institution that gives men power over women
• What challenges do women face when leaving abusive relationships according to Dobash and Dobash?

  Financial and social reasons trap women in abusive relationships
• What significant point did Helene Kennedy make about violence against women in public places?

  The court often does not consider the context of a woman's history of abuse
• What is the key terminology related to feminist theory and crime?

  • Gender equality
  • Gender inequality
  • Female criminality
  • Victimization