Organelles & Compartmentalisation

• What are phagocytic vacuoles also known as?

  Phagosomes
• What is the primary role of phagocytic vacuoles in the immune response?

  They engulf and destroy foreign particles or microorganisms
• What are the advantages of compartmentalization in phagocytic vacuoles?

  • Isolation of harmful materials
  • Controlled environment for pathogen destruction
  • Fusion with lysosomes to enhance digestion
• What is the function of organelles within cells?

  They perform specific functions, similar to organs in the human body
• What are the key organelles and their functions?

  • **Nucleus**: Control center, contains DNA
  • **Mitochondria**: Produce energy through respiration
  • **Rough ER**: Protein synthesis and modification
  • **Smooth ER**: Lipid synthesis and detoxification
  • **Golgi Apparatus**: Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins
  • **Lysosomes**: Break down waste and foreign materials
  • **Ribosomes**: Synthesize proteins
  • **Vesicles**: Transport materials
  • **Plasma Membrane**: Protective barrier for the cell
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

  It is the control center that contains genetic material and regulates gene expression
• What are mitochondria known as?

  Powerhouses of the cell
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  It is involved in protein synthesis and modification
• What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do?

  It is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  It modifies, packages, and distributes proteins
• What role do lysosomes play in a cell?

  They act as recycling centers, breaking down waste and foreign materials
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  They serve as protein factories, synthesizing proteins based on mRNA instructions
• What do vesicles do in a cell?

  They function as transport containers, moving materials within and between cells
• What is the role of the plasma membrane?

  It acts as the cell's protective barrier, controlling what enters and exits
• How have technological advancements enhanced the study of organelles?

  • **Ultracentrifuges**: Enable cell fractionation by separating organelles based on size and density
  • **Electron Microscopes**: Provide detailed images of organelle structures
• What are the advantages of nuclear-cytoplasmic separation in eukaryotic cells?

  • Regulation of gene expression
  • Protection of genetic material
  • Specialized environment for DNA replication and transcription
• What is the significance of separating transcription and translation in eukaryotes?

  • Allows post-transcriptional modification of mRNA
  • Ensures quality control of mRNA
  • Enables temporal regulation of gene expression
• How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in terms of transcription and translation?

  In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously
• What are the advantages of cytoplasmic compartmentalization?

  • Concentration of metabolites and enzymes
  • Separation of incompatible biochemical processes
  • Optimized conditions for specific reactions
  • Controlled transport of molecules
  • Specialized functions of organelles
• What are lysosomes essential for?

  Cellular digestion and recycling
• What are the advantages of compartmentalization in lysosomes?

  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes safely
  • Maintain acidic pH for enzyme function
  • Allow controlled breakdown of waste and foreign materials
• Why is compartmentalization vital for cellular efficiency?

  • Allows complex processes to occur in a controlled manner
  • Ensures survival and proper functioning of the organism
• What should students focus on when studying cellular structures?

  • How compartmentalization enhances efficiency
  • How it protects cellular integrity