Memory

• What is the duration of Short-Term Memory (STM)?

  18-30 seconds
• How many items can Short-Term Memory (STM) hold?

  1. 9 items (7±2)
• How is information coded in Short-Term Memory (STM)?

  Through sound (acoustic)
• What is the duration of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

  A lifetime
• How much information can Long-Term Memory (LTM) hold?

  Unlimited
• How is information coded in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

  On meaning (semantic)
• What does capacity refer to in memory?

  How much information can be held in memory
• What does duration refer to in memory?

  How long information can be held for
• What does encoding refer to in memory?

  The format in which information enters and is stored in memory
• What was the method used by Peterson and Peterson to study STM duration?

  Nonsense trigrams
• What were the results of Peterson and Peterson's study on STM duration?

  Highest recall after 3 seconds was 90%, lowest after 18 seconds was 2%
• What was the method used by Bahrick to study LTM duration?

  Pictures from high school
• What were the results of Bahrick's study on LTM duration?

  15 years: 60% free recall, 90% recognition; 48 years: 30% free recall, 70% recognition
• What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM)?

  7±2
• What technique did Miller use to study STM capacity?

  Digit span technique
• What is chunking in relation to STM capacity?

  Grouping together information into smaller units
• What is the capacity of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

  Unlimited
• What did Anokin estimate regarding neuronal connections in the human brain?

  10.5 million kilometers of noughts, indicating unlimited capacity
• How is information encoded in STM according to Baddeley?

  Acoustically
• What were the results of Baddeley's study on STM encoding?

  Dissimilar words were recalled better than similar words
• How is information encoded in LTM according to Baddeley?

  Semantically
• What were the results of Baddeley's study on LTM encoding?

  Dissimilar words were recalled better than similar words
• What are the evaluations of duration, capacity, and coding studies?

  • High in controls (all lab experiments)
  • Easy to replicate
  • Don't reflect real-life use of LTM and STM
  • Demand characteristics
• What is the duration of the Sensory Register in the MSM?

  0.5 seconds
• What is the capacity of the Sensory Register in the MSM?

  Large
• What is the coding of the Sensory Register in the MSM?

  5 senses
• What are the processes of forgetting in STM?

  Decay and displacement
• What are the processes of forgetting in LTM?

  Decay, interference, retrieval failure
• What are the evaluations of the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

  • Evidence supports different stores of memory
  • Murdoch's serial position research supports primary and recency effects
  • Sperling's experiment supports existence of Sensory Register
  • Evidence suggests STM isn't unitary
  • Evidence from Clive W suggests LTM isn't unitary
• What are the components of the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer
• What are the evaluations of the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  • Evidence suggests STM isn't unitary
  • Baddeley's dual task research supports WMM
  • Brain scans show different areas for visual and verbal tasks
  • Fails to account for musical memory
  • Little known about central executive
• What are the types of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

  Episodic, semantic, procedural
• What are the characteristics of episodic memory?

  • Personal experiences and events
  • Time referenced
  • Cue dependent
  • Explicit
  • Mental diary
• What are the characteristics of semantic memory?

  • Memories of facts
  • Aren't time referenced
  • Aren't cue dependent
  • Explicit
  • Mental encyclopedia
• What are the characteristics of procedural memory?

  • How things are done
  • Aren't time referenced
  • Aren't cue dependent
  • Implicit
  • Muscle memory
• What are the evaluations of the types of LTM?

  • Support from brain-damaged patients (e.g., PM and Clive W)
  • Evidence based on case studies (1 person)
  • Focusing on 3 types may ignore a 4th (priming)
  • Research into LTM has real-life applications
• What is interference in memory?

  One memory interferes with another due to similarity
• What is retroactive interference?

  New information affects recall of old information
• What is proactive interference?

  Old information affects learning of new information
• What are the evaluations of interference research?

  • Support from Postman's paired words research
  • Research is controlled and replicable
  • Support from Schmidt's neighborhood study
  • Support from Underwood's meta-analysis
  • Research involves unrealistic tasks