psychopathology

• What is the term used for the study of abnormal behavior?

  Psychopathology
• How is statistical infrequency defined in relation to abnormal behavior?

  Abnormal behaviors are statistically rare or uncommon.
• What percentage of the population falls outside the normal distribution to be considered abnormal?

  5%
• What are examples of rare characteristics that may be considered abnormal?

  Depressed mood or lower IQ.
• What is a key evaluation point of the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality?

  It requires subjective judgment on where to set the cutoff between normal and abnormal.
• What is a criticism of the statistical infrequency definition regarding positive characteristics?

  It defines positive characteristics as abnormal.
• What does the deviation from social norms definition state about abnormal behavior?

  It is abnormal if behavior is seen as unacceptable by the majority in society.
• What are explicit social norms?

  Written rules, such as laws.
• What are implicit social norms?

  Unwritten rules, such as standing too close to someone.
• What is a criticism of the deviation from social norms definition regarding societal changes?

  Social norms change over time, such as attitudes towards homosexuality.
• How does cultural bias affect the deviation from social norms definition?

  It may not account for cultural practices, such as the Suri tribe's lip plates.
• What is a limitation of the deviation from social norms definition in distinguishing between deviance and abnormality?

  It fails to distinguish between deviance and abnormality, such as in the case of drink-drivers.
• What is the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality?

  It is abnormal if an individual is unable to cope with everyday life.
• What are the criteria proposed by Rosenhan and Seligman for failure to function adequately?

  Distress, unpredictable behavior, maladaptive behavior, and irrational behavior.
• What is a limitation of the failure to function adequately definition regarding economic factors?

  Failing to function doesn't always mean abnormality, as economic factors can play a role.
• How does the failure to function adequately definition include the patient's perspective?

  It considers the level of distress experienced by the individual.
• What is the definition of deviation from ideal mental health?

  It is abnormal if there is a lack of criteria for mental health.
• What are the criteria for ideal mental health according to Jahoda?

  Autonomy, perception of reality, resistance to stress, mastery of the environment, self-attitudes, self-actualization, and personal growth.
• What is a criticism of Jahoda's criteria for ideal mental health?

  The characteristics are too idealistic and culturally biased.
• What are the emotional characteristics of phobia?

  Excessive fear and anxiety triggered by a phobic stimulus.
• What are the cognitive characteristics of phobia?

  Irrational beliefs that do not make sense and are resistant to rational arguments.
• What are the behavioral characteristics of phobia?

  Avoidance of the phobic stimulus and panicking behavior.
• What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

  Sad mood, low energy, and loss of interest for 2 or more weeks.
• What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

  Negative schema and poor concentration.
• What are the behavioral characteristics of depression?

  Disruption of sleep and eating patterns, and changes in activity levels.
• What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

  Anxiety and reduction of anxiety through compulsive behaviors.
• What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

  Obsessions and irrational beliefs.
• What are the behavioral characteristics of OCD?

  Compulsive behavior and avoidance of triggering situations.
• What is Mowrer's two-process model in relation to phobias?

  Phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning.
• What is the process of classical conditioning in Mowrer's model?

  Association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.
• How is operant conditioning involved in maintaining phobias according to Mowrer's model?

  Reinforcement of avoidance behavior reduces fear and anxiety, maintaining the phobia.
• What is a strength of Mowrer's two-process model?

  It is scientific, observable, and measurable.
• What is a limitation of Mowrer's two-process model regarding phobias?

  It is reductionist and ignores biological factors.
• What is systematic desensitization in the treatment of phobias?

  It is a method to unlearn phobias through gradual exposure and relaxation techniques.
• What are the steps involved in systematic desensitization?

  Teach relaxation techniques, develop an anxiety hierarchy, and gradually expose to phobic stimuli.
• What is a strength of systematic desensitization?

  It is extremely effective, with studies showing a success rate of 75%.
• What is a limitation of systematic desensitization?

  It may not be effective for all phobias, such as evolutionary fears like the dark.
• What is flooding in the treatment of phobias?

  It involves experiencing the phobia at its worst while practicing relaxation techniques.
• What is a strength of flooding as a treatment for phobias?

  It is effective and cost-effective compared to other treatments.
• What is a limitation of flooding regarding ethical issues?

  It raises ethical concerns due to lack of protection from harm.