The Cognitive Approach

• What is a phone essentially described as in the text?

  A portable computer
• What are the inputs of a phone compared to human inputs?

  Camera and microphone are inputs for a phone, while eyes and ears are inputs for humans
• What is the physical component of a phone that processes information?

  The CPU (central processing unit)
• How do cognitive psychologists view the brain's functions?

  They explain it through internal mental processes
• What is the basis of cognitive neuroscience?

  Understanding how cognitive processes are connected to brain activity
• What are the defining characteristics of the cognitive approach in psychology?

  • Behavior results from internal mental processes
  • Research focuses on studying these internal processes
  • Common areas of research include attention, perception, and memory
• Why is memory emphasized in the context of cognitive psychology?

  Because it is a significant unit of study at the A-level
• How do cognitive psychologists ensure control in their research?

  By conducting highly controlled experiments in lab settings
• What is a limitation of studying internal mental processes?

  They cannot be directly observed
• What is the problem with making inferences in cognitive psychology?

  Inferences can be mistaken guesses
• What does Miller's classic research study suggest about short-term memory capacity?

  It suggests that the capacity is approximately seven items, plus or minus two
• What is a schema in cognitive psychology?

  A mental framework built from previous experiences
• How do schemas help individuals navigate the world?

  They allow for quick understanding and responses to situations
• What is a potential problem with relying on schemas?

  They can lead to inaccurate recall and memory distortions
• How can leading questions affect eyewitness testimony?

  They can alter the memory of the event being recalled
• What is the negative triad in Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

  Negative schemas about self, the world, and the future
• What are the two types of models used by cognitive psychologists?

  • Computer models: Compare the brain to a computer's CPU
  • Theoretical models: Flowchart representations of mental processes
• What is machine reductionism in cognitive psychology?

  It is the criticism that the human brain is more complex than a computer
• What is the multi-store model of memory?

  A theoretical model showing how information flows from sensory memory to short-term and long-term memory
• What is cognitive neuroscience?

  The study of the relationship between cognitive processes and biological structures in the brain
• How do brain scanning techniques contribute to cognitive neuroscience?

  They allow researchers to observe brain activity during cognitive tasks
• What did the research on Tan reveal about brain function?

  It confirmed that Broca's area is involved in speech production
• What is a limitation of cognitive psychology's research methods?

  Many studies are highly artificial and may not reflect real-life memory use
• What are the real-life applications of cognitive psychology?

  • Development of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Informing juries about eyewitness testimony limitations
  • Treatments for neurological disorders
  • Advancements in artificial intelligence
• What is soft determinism in cognitive psychology?

  It is the belief that behavior has biological and environmental causes but individuals can make choices
• How does CBT empower clients according to cognitive psychologists?

  It gives clients tools to change their negative thinking patterns
• What is the purpose of the psych boost app mentioned in the text?

  To provide features like flashcards and quizzes for studying
• How many hours of exclusive exam tutorial videos are available for patrons?

  Over 17 hours
• What types of resources are available for patrons on the psych boost app?

  Digital and printable resources including maps, quiz sheets, and teaching slides
• What is the main focus of cognitive psychologists in their research?

  Studying internal mental processes
• What is the significance of schemas in cognitive psychology?

  Schemas help individuals process information quickly and predict future events
• How do cognitive psychologists view the relationship between cognitive processes and brain structures?

  They study how cognitive processes are linked to neurological structures
• What is the role of brain scanning techniques in cognitive neuroscience?

  They allow for real-time observation of brain activity during cognitive tasks
• What is the relationship between cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence?

  Cognitive psychology informs the development of neural networks in AI
• What is the impact of schemas on eyewitness testimony?

  Schemas can lead to inaccuracies in recall due to leading questions
• How does cognitive psychology contribute to understanding mental health issues?

  It provides insights into how negative schemas can influence mental health
• What is the significance of the research conducted by Loftus on memory?

  It demonstrated how leading questions can alter memory recall
• What is the main criticism of the computer model in cognitive psychology?

  It is considered overly simplistic and ignores human complexity
• How do cognitive psychologists use theoretical models?

  They use them to create testable theories about mental processes
• What is the relationship between cognitive psychology and the free will vs determinism debate?

  Cognitive psychologists advocate for soft determinism, allowing for individual choice