Nephrotic Syndrome (Kidney)

• What is nephrotic syndrome classified as?

  A rare form of kidney disease
• In which age group does nephrotic syndrome usually occur?

  Usually in childhood
• How does nephrotic syndrome typically respond to treatment?

  Normally responds to treatment
• What may be required in rare cases of nephrotic syndrome?

  A kidney transplant
• What triggers nephrotic syndrome in children?

  Immune system overreacts to an infection
• What is an example of a common infection that can trigger nephrotic syndrome?

  Sore throat
• What parts of the kidney does the immune system attack in nephrotic syndrome?

  The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
• What happens to the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries in nephrotic syndrome?

  It becomes damaged
• What is the consequence of damaged basement membrane in nephrotic syndrome?

  Blood proteins escape into urine
• What protein is primarily lost in nephrotic syndrome?

  Albumin
• What is the role of albumin in the body?

  Retains tissue fluid in veins
• What is a consequence of losing albumin in nephrotic syndrome?

  Fluid builds up in tissues
• What are the potential effects of fluid buildup in the body?

  Strain on heart and lungs
• What other proteins are lost in nephrotic syndrome?

  Antibodies and blood clotting proteins
• What is the risk associated with losing antibodies in nephrotic syndrome?

  Increased susceptibility to infections
• What is a consequence of losing blood clotting proteins like fibrinogen?

  Easy bruising and slower clotting
• What can congenital nephrotic syndrome be caused by?

  An inherited faulty gene
• What is glomerulosclerosis?

  Scarring inside the kidney
• What does glomerulonephritis refer to?

  Inflammation inside the kidney
• What infections can sometimes cause nephrotic syndrome?

  HIV, hepatitis, or syphilis
• What is the main condition discussed in the study material?

  Nephrotic Syndrome
• What other conditions can lead to nephrotic syndrome?

  Diabetes or sickle cell anemia
• What are common symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome?

  Swelling around the eyes, weight gain
• What types of cancer can rarely cause nephrotic syndrome?

  Leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma
• What are common signs of nephrotic syndrome?

  Irritability and swelling around the eyes
• What biological explanation is given for Nephrotic Syndrome?

  High protein in urine and kidney scarring
• What is a common symptom related to fluid retention in nephrotic syndrome?

  Swelling in abdomen and legs
• What are possible causes of Nephrotic Syndrome?

  Inherited faulty genes, diabetes
• How does Nephrotic Syndrome impact lifestyle?

  Requires dietary changes like reducing fat
• What is a risk associated with nephrotic syndrome?

  Higher risk of infections
• What are the monitoring procedures for Nephrotic Syndrome?

  • Regular check-ups with a doctor
  • Monitoring of protein levels in urine
  • Blood tests to assess kidney function
• What medication is commonly prescribed for Nephrotic Syndrome?

  Steroids for a 4-week course
• What is the purpose of antibiotics like penicillin in Nephrotic Syndrome treatment?

  To reduce the chance of infection
• What indicates high levels of protein in urine?

  Presence of nephrotic syndrome
• What is a potential complication of nephrotic syndrome?

  Higher risk of blood clots
• When might surgery be recommended for Nephrotic Syndrome?

  When other treatments do not work
• What changes may occur in a child with nephrotic syndrome?

  Weight gain due to fluid retention
• What urinary changes might indicate nephrotic syndrome?

  Less frequent urination or foamy urine
• What gastrointestinal symptoms can occur with nephrotic syndrome?

  Abdominal pain, diarrhea, or vomiting
• What general feelings might a child with nephrotic syndrome experience?

  Feeling unwell and tired