Biological Approach

• What was the aim of Maguire et al. (2000) study on MRI?

  To investigate whether the hippocampal volume of London taxi drivers differs due to spatial navigation experience.
• What sampling method was used in Maguire et al. (2000)?

  Opportunity sampling.
• What type of study design was used in Maguire et al. (2000)?

  Quasi-experiment.
• How did Maguire et al. (2000) conduct their procedure?

  They compared MRI scans of taxi drivers and control participants.
• What were the results of Maguire et al. (2000)?

  Taxi drivers had larger posterior hippocampi and smaller anterior hippocampi.
• What was the aim of Harris and Fiske (2006) study using fMRI?

  To study the brain’s response to extreme outgroups.
• What sampling method was used in Harris and Fiske (2006)?

  Volunteer sampling.
• What type of study design was used in Harris and Fiske (2006)?

  Lab experiment.
• What procedure did Harris and Fiske (2006) use in their study?

  fMRI scanned participants’ brains while viewing images of people.
• What were the results of Harris and Fiske (2006)?

  Activation in the amygdala indicated emotional reactions to outgroup members.
• What was the aim of Tierney et al. (2001) study using PET scans?

  To investigate the language function in a bilingual individual.
• What sampling method was used in Tierney et al. (2001)?

  Case study (convenience sampling).
• What type of study design was used in Tierney et al. (2001)?

  Case study with PET scans.
• What procedure did Tierney et al. (2001) follow in their study?

  Compared brain activity during language tasks.
• What were the results of Tierney et al. (2001)?

  Increased right hemisphere activation during speech.
• What was the aim of Broca's study in 1861 regarding Broca’s Area?

  To identify the area responsible for speech production.
• What sampling method was used in Broca's study?

  Case study.
• What type of study design was used in Broca's study?

  Observational study.
• What procedure did Broca follow in his study?

  Post-mortem analysis of Tan’s brain.
• What were the results of Broca's study?

  Damage to the left frontal lobe (Broca’s area) linked to speech deficits.
• What was the aim of LeDoux's study in 1996 regarding the amygdala?

  To explore the amygdala’s role in fear response.
• What sampling method was used in LeDoux's study?

  Animal research.
• What type of study design was used in LeDoux's study?

  Experimental.
• What procedure did LeDoux follow in his study?

  Conditioned rats to fear a tone paired with a shock.
• What were the results of LeDoux's study?

  Amygdala lesions prevented fear conditioning.
• What was the aim of Draganski et al. (2004) study on synaptic pruning?

  To investigate if learning a new skill affects brain structure.
• What sampling method was used in Draganski et al. (2004)?

  Volunteer sampling.
• What type of study design was used in Draganski et al. (2004)?

  Longitudinal experiment.
• What procedure did Draganski et al. (2004) follow in their study?

  MRI scans before and after participants learned juggling.
• What were the results of Draganski et al. (2004)?

  Increased gray matter in the mid-temporal area.
• What was the aim of Rosenzweig, Bennett, and Diamond (1972) study on cortical remapping?

  To examine how environments affect brain plasticity in rats.
• What sampling method was used in Rosenzweig, Bennett, and Diamond (1972)?

  Animal research.
• What type of study design was used in Rosenzweig, Bennett, and Diamond (1972)?

  Lab experiment.
• What procedure did Rosenzweig, Bennett, and Diamond (1972) follow in their study?

  Rats lived in enriched or deprived conditions.
• What were the results of Rosenzweig, Bennett, and Diamond (1972)?

  Enriched rats had thicker cortices and heavier brains.
• What was the aim of Martinez and Kesner (1991) study on acetylcholine?

  To determine acetylcholine’s role in memory formation.
• What sampling method was used in Martinez and Kesner (1991)?

  Animal research.
• What type of study design was used in Martinez and Kesner (1991)?

  Lab experiment.
• What procedure did Martinez and Kesner (1991) follow in their study?

  Rats injected with acetylcholine blockers navigated a maze.
• What were the results of Martinez and Kesner (1991)?

  Blocked acetylcholine led to memory impairment.