cognitive

• cognitive approach


  study of internal mental processes
• examples of cognitive approaches

  language, thinking, memory, attention, consciousness, perception, processes, recognition
• cerebral cortex

  1/4 inch outside layer

  internal mental functions

  wrinklier the brain, the smarter
• ways to be a cognitive scientist


  experimental cognitive psychology

  computational cognitive science

  cognitive neuropsychology

  cognitive neuroscience
• what does cognitive neuropsychology study


  people with brain damage
• what does cognitive neuroscience study


  people with healthy brains
• what does experimental cognitive psychology study


  lab experiments - fair tests and variables
• what does cognitive computer science study


  modelling human behaviour with AI
• role of schema


  stereotype for everything we do

  'knowledge packet' of everything - we assume humans talk and not bark
• multistore model of memory


  sensory - short term - long term memory
• what do the types of memory differ in

  capacity (hold)

  duration (how long)

  encoding (visually, acoustically)
• sensory memory 


  not conscious at anytime

  when you don't think of every detail of your day-to-day life

  you store a fraction of what you experience

  brief storage of info in humans where info is momentarily registered
• short term memory


  your consciousness

  when an item from SM is noticed, it enters STM

  can hold 7+/-2 items for short periods (30secs)

  doesn't hold any sensation for long until it disappears to LTM
• long term memory


  backstory of who we are

  backstory, knowledge and personality

  for info to go in LTM you need to understand it

  need it to speak, walk, etc.

  can remember things from 30s ago to decades ago
• encoding


  how the memory gets in - acoustically, visually, semantically, etc.
• capacity


  how much info can be held
• duration


  how long the memory lasts
• memory span


  longest line of info someone can hold in their memory
• displacement


  when info get pushed out of your memory before you store it in LTM
• what did peterson and peterson investigate in 1959


  duration of STM
• peterson and peterson procedure


  24 participants had to recall trigrams such as TGH and CLS

  trigrams were presented 1 at a time and had to be recalled after intervals of 3, 6, 9, etc.

  had to count back in 3s while trying to remember the trigrams - time increased each time
• peterson and peterson findings

  after 3s - 80% recalled correctly

  after 6s - 50% recalled correctly

  after 18s - 10% recalled correctly
• what is the bahrick 1975 field experiment investigating


  long term memory
• bahrick field experiment procedure


  showed old graduates their old yearbook and asked them to match names with their pictures
• bahrick field experiment findings


  90% of people remembered after 14 years

  60% of people remembered after 47 years
• types of experiments 


  labatory

  field

  natural

  quasi
• types of non-experiments

  correlations

  questionnaires/surveys

  content analysis

  case studies

  thematic analysis

  observations

  interviews
• 1st rule to a true experiment


  needs to be at least 2 groups doing 2 different things - so you can point to a cause
• 2nd rule to a true experiment


  dependent variable is required
• 3rd rule to a true experiment


  variables are always the same so experiment is always identical - fair tets
• 4th rule to a true experiment


  researcher must manipulate independent variable - they made it happen
• 5th rule to a true experiment


  allocated randomly to avoid bias - sherif's experiment allocated random groups
• demand characteristics


  guessing aim of experiment and therefore changes behaviour - they need to behave naturally otherwise their results are useless
• social desirability 


  responding in a way that is socially acceptable rather than being honest - e.g. if you recycle or not
• hawthorne effect


  change if behaviour due to people watching or not
• investigator effect


  behaviour changes on whether who the person is like asking you the question - e.g. attractiveness
• experimenter bias


  researchers expectations about the study affect the result - experimenter shouldn't know who's had the placebo, etc
• mundane realism


  whether the experiment is like real life or not - milgram has no mundane realism
• ecological validity


  whether the findings can be applied to real life