A polysaccharide composed of glucose units, used by plants for energy storage. It consists of two forms: amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched).
Glycogen
A highly branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary storage form of glucose in animals, allowing for rapid energy release.
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants, consisting of linear chains of glucose molecules, providing rigidity and strength.
Fat
primarily made up of triglycerides (fatty acids and glycerol).
Fatty Acid
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, which can be saturated or unsaturated
Triacylglycerol
Also known as triglycerides, these are lipids formed from one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They are a major form of energy storage in organisms.
Saturated Fat
A type of fatty acid that contains no double bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in a straight chain that can pack tightly, typically solid at room temperature (animals)
Unsaturated Fat
Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds, causing bends in the chain that prevent tight packing, usually liquid at room temperature (oil, plants)
Phospholipid
A lipid molecule with two fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group, crucial for forming cell membranes due to their hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties.
Cholesterol
A type of sterol lipid that is a key component of cell membranes
Catalyst
A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed; in biological systems, enzymes (proteins) act as catalysts.
Polypeptide
A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; polypeptides fold into specific three-dimensional structures to form functional proteins.
Protein
Large biomolecules made up of one or more polypeptides that perform various functions in the body, including catalysis, structure, transport, and signaling.
Amino Acid
The building blocks of , consist of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain (R group) that determines the characteristics of the amino acid.
Peptide Bond
The covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, resulting in the linkage of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Lipids
hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, and phospholipids, serving as energy storage and structural components of cell membranes.
Proteins
large molecules made up of amino acids that perform a wide range of functions, including catalyzing reactions, providing structure, and transporting substances.
Polysaccharide
long sugar chains that serve as energy storage or structural support
Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share electrons.
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between hydrogen atoms on one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom on another molecule
Van der Waals forces are temporary dipole-dipole attractions between nonpolar molecules.
Polar molecule
Unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in a molecule with positive and negative ends.
Non-Polar
Equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a molecule with no positive or negative ends.
Cohesion
Water molecules stick to each other, leading to surface tension and allowing for phenomena like water droplets.
Adhesion
Water molecules can adhere to other substances, which helps in processes like capillary action.
Polarity
Water is polar
High specific heat
Water can absorb a lot of heat without a significant temperature change, helping to regulate climate and body temperature.
Universal Solvent
Water is the universal solvent
Density of water (solid)
Ice floats
Heat of vaporization
Water needs a lot of temperate/heat to turn into a vapor/gas