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Chemical changes
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Cards (41)
What is oxidation in terms of oxygen gain?
Oxidation is when a substance
gains
oxygen.
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What is reduction in terms of oxygen loss?
Reduction is when a
substance loses oxygen.
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What is the reactivity series of metals and its trends?
Metals are arranged in order of reactivity.
Metals above
H2
react with acids to produce H2.
More reactive metals react quicker and more violently with acids.
Metals below H2 do not react with acids.
Mostly
Group I
and II metals react with water;
Aluminium
is a borderline case.
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What is a displacement reaction?
A displacement reaction is when a more
reactive
metal displaces a less reactive metal from a
compound
.
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How are unreactive metals found in the Earth?
Unreactive metals are found in their
natural state
.
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How can metals less reactive than carbon be extracted?
They can be extracted by
reduction
with carbon.
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How are metals more reactive than carbon extracted?
They are extracted by
electrolysis
.
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How are oxidation and reduction defined in terms of electron transfer?
Oxidation
is the
loss
of electrons, and
reduction
is the
gain
of electrons.
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What is the general equation for a reaction between metals and acids?
The equation is Metal + acid → salt +
hydrogen
.
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What type of reaction occurs when metals react with acids?
It is a
redox reaction
and also a
displacement reaction
.
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Which metals in the reactivity series will react with acid?
Those metals above
hydrogen
will react with acid.
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What is the general equation for a neutralisation reaction?
The equation is
Base
+
acid
→
salt
+
water
.
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What is the general equation for the reaction between metal carbonate and acid?
The equation is Metal carbonate + acid → salt + water +
carbon dioxide
.
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What is the general equation for the reaction between metal oxides and acids?
The equation is Metal oxide + acid →
salt
+
water
.
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What is a redox reaction?
A redox reaction is a reaction where both
oxidation
and
reduction
occur.
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In the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid, which species is oxidised and which is reduced?
Magnesium is oxidised (loses
electrons
), and
hydrogen
is reduced (gains electrons).
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How is a soluble salt formed?
React
excess acid
with an
insoluble chemical
(e.g.,
metal oxide
).
Filter off the leftovers.
Crystallise
the product.
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What do acids produce in aqueous solutions?
Acids produce
hydrogen ions
.
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What do alkalis produce in aqueous solutions?
Alkalis produce
hydroxide ions
.
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What are bases, acids, and alkalis?
Bases
neutralise
acids.
Acids produce
hydrogen ions
in aqueous solutions.
Alkalis are soluble bases that produce
hydroxide ions
in aqueous solutions.
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What is the pH scale and what does a pH of 7 indicate?
The pH scale measures
acidity/alkalinity
; a pH of 7 indicates a
neutral solution
.
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What is the short ionic equation for a neutralisation reaction?
The equation is
H+
+
OH−
→
H2O
.
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What is a strong acid?
A strong acid is
completely ionised
in aqueous solution.
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What is a weak acid?
A weak acid is only partially
ionised
in aqueous solution.
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What happens to pH as the concentration of H+ increases?
The pH
decreases
as the concentration of H+
increases.
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What does a pH of 7 indicate about a solution?
It indicates a
neutral
solution.
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What defines a strong acid?
A strong acid is
completely ionised
in aqueous solution.
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What defines a weak acid?
A weak acid is only partially
ionised
in aqueous solution.
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What is the difference between concentrated and dilute acids?
Concentrated acid has more
moles
of acid per unit volume than dilute.
Dilute refers to solutions of low concentrations.
Concentration is not the same as
strength
.
Strength refers to complete
ionisation
(strong) or partial ionisation (weak).
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What change occurs in hydrogen ion concentration as the pH decreases by one unit?
It increases by a
factor of 10
.
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What is electrolysis?
It is the passing of an electric current through
ionic substances
to break them down into
elements
.
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What is an electrolyte?
An electrolyte is a liquid or solution that
conducts electricity
.
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What is the cathode in electrolysis?
The cathode is the
negative
electrode.
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What is the anode in electrolysis?
The anode is the
positive
electrode.
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What occurs at the cathode during electrolysis?
Reduction
occurs at the cathode.
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What occurs at the anode during electrolysis?
Oxidation
occurs at the anode.
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In aqueous electrolysis, what is discharged at the cathode?
The less
reactive
element is discharged at the cathode.
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What is produced at the anode during aqueous electrolysis unless halide ions are present?
Oxygen
is produced at the anode unless halide ions are present.
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How is aluminium manufactured?
Aluminium is made through the
electrolysis
of
aluminium oxide
and
cryolite
.
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Why is the process of aluminium manufacturing expensive?
It requires a lot of energy to produce the current in
electrolysis
.
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