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A2.2
A2
19 cards
Cards (47)
What is the focus of the video about the origins of cells A2.1?
The focus is on the
origin of cells
and the
complex molecules
that make them up.
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Why do we need to understand the origin of complex molecules to discuss the origin of cells?
Because cells are made up of complex molecules like
proteins
and
nucleic acids
.
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What is pre-biotic Earth?
Pre-biotic
Earth
refers to the
time
period
before
life
existed on
Earth.
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How was early Earth different from today?
It had very little
oxygen
, lots of
methane
, was very hot, and had no
atmosphere
.
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What environmental conditions on pre-biotic Earth facilitated the spontaneous generation of complex carbon compounds?
The intense
UV radiation
, lightning, and lack of
atmosphere
created perfect conditions.
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What changes occurred in Earth's environment once living things arose?
Living things began producing
oxygen
and formed an
ozone layer
.
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What is a cell defined as?
A cell is
self-sustaining
and uses energy to maintain a highly
ordered
state.
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What evidence suggests that cells are the smallest unit of life?
Cells use energy to maintain order and can reproduce, while smaller components cannot live
independently
.
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What did Pasteur's experiments demonstrate about spontaneous generation?
Pasteur's experiments
falsified
the idea of spontaneous generation.
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What is required for the formation of the first cell?
Control over
chemical reactions
, self-assembly of polymers,
compartmentalization
, and
self-replicating molecules
.
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What was the goal of the Miller-Urey experiment?
To demonstrate how complex molecules could form spontaneously under
pre-biotic
Earth conditions.
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What did the Miller-Urey experiment produce?
The experiment produced
amino acids
.
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Why are phospholipids important for the formation of the first cell?
They spontaneously form
bilayers
that create compartments and are
semi-permeable
.
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What is the presumed first genetic material in cells?
RNA
is presumed to be the first genetic material.
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How does RNA contribute to the functions of the first cell?
RNA is
self-replicating
and can act as its own catalyst.
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What role do mutations in RNA play in evolution?
Mutations
drive
genetic variation
in a population.
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What does the concept of common ancestry imply about different organisms?
It implies that different organisms share a common ancestor and have
genetic similarities
.
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What does LUCA stand for?
LUCA stands for
Last Universal Common Ancestor
.
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Why is the universality of the genetic code significant?
It suggests that all
organisms
descended from a
single
common ancestor.
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How do scientists estimate when LUCA arose?
They use
carbon dating
and
genomic
differences to estimate the time of LUCA's formation.
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What is the estimated time when life arose on Earth?
Life is estimated to have arisen about
4.1 billion
years ago.
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What is the significance of genomic differences in estimating common ancestry?
Genomic differences can
quantify
the
time
since
organisms
had a common ancestor.
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What do hydrothermal vents suggest about the environment of LUCA?
They suggest that LUCA arose in an environment with conditions suitable for
carbon-based life forms
.
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What are the key components necessary for the formation of the first cell?
Control over chemical reactions (
metabolism
)
Self-assembly of polymers (
proteins
and
nucleic acids
)
Compartmentalization (
vesicles
)
Self-replicating molecules (
RNA
)
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What evidence supports the idea that RNA was the first genetic material?
RNA is
self-replicating
.
RNA can act as its own
catalyst
.
Some viruses contain only RNA.
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What are the implications of common ancestry for the diversity of life on Earth?
All living organisms share common
genes
.
Genetic similarities indicate shared ancestry.
Unity in diversity reflects
evolutionary
relationships
.
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What methods are used to estimate the age of LUCA?
Carbon dating
of ancient fossils.
Analysis of
genomic
differences between organisms.
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What conditions in hydrothermal vents support the hypothesis of LUCA's environment?
Presence of minerals and high temperatures.
Conditions suitable for
spontaneous generation
of life.
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