Attachment

• What characterized Romanian orphanages in the late 1980s and early 1990s?


  Severe overcrowding and lack of basic necessities
• What were the conditions in Romanian orphanages during the late 1980s and early 1990s?


  • Severe overcrowding
  • Lack of basic necessities (food, clothing, medical care)
  • Minimal human interaction
  • Poor sanitation
  • Physical and emotional neglect
• What are some specific impacts of the conditions in Romanian orphanages on child development?

  Physical stunting, cognitive delays, emotional problems, neurological differences, and language delays
• How does the duration of stay in institutional care affect child development?


  The negative effects increase with the duration of stay
• What reforms has Romania implemented in its child protection system since the 1990s?


  • Deinstitutionalization of orphanages
  • Development of a foster care system
  • Family support programs to prevent abandonment
  • Reforms linked to EU accession
  • Ongoing challenges in child welfare
• What is one key aspect of Romania's child protection reforms since the 1990s?


  Moving towards family-based care systems
• What age range does stage one of attachment cover?

  0 to 6 weeks
• What is reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Mutual turn-taking interaction between them
• What does interactional synchrony refer to?

  Simultaneous rhythmic interaction between them
• What is sensitive responsiveness in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Correct interpretation of infant's communication
• What did Meto and Mo's experiment demonstrate?

  Infants can imitate facial gestures
• What did Cond and Sander's 1974 study find?

  Evidence of interactional synchrony in neonates
• Why do many studies use multiple observers?

  To provide inter-rater reliability in findings
• What is a limitation of caregiver-infant interaction research?

  Findings depend on assumptions about infants
• What is the first stage of attachment according to Schaer?

  Asocial stage
• What happens during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Infants differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people
• At what age does specific attachment develop?

  7 to 9 months
• What is a key characteristic of the multiple attachment stage?

  Infants form attachments with multiple caregivers
• What did Schaer Emson's 1964 study reveal about separation anxiety?

  It occurred in most babies by 25 to 32 weeks
• What was a significant finding regarding fathers in attachment?

  75% of infants formed attachments with fathers
• How do fathers typically engage with infants compared to mothers?

  Fathers encourage active play more consistently
• What did Field's 1978 study find about primary caregiver fathers?

  They showed more sensitive responsiveness like mothers
• What is a criticism of the role of fathers in attachment?

  It may lead to single-parent family issues
• What did Loren's 1935 study on imprinting demonstrate?

  Goslings imprint on moving objects shortly after hatching
• What is the critical period for imprinting in goslings?

  Approximately 32 hours
• What did Harlow's 1958 study reveal about infant monkeys?

  They preferred comfort over food from mothers
• What is a limitation of generalizing animal behavior to humans?

  Humans have different biology and experiences
• What is the main argument of Bowlby's monotropy theory?

  Infants have an innate drive for strong attachment
• What is the internal working model in Bowlby's theory?

  A blueprint for future relationships
• What did Ainsworth identify as indicators of attachment strength?

  Proximity, exploration, and separation anxiety
• How does Ainsworth categorize attachment types?

  Based on behaviors indicating attachment strength
• What are the stages of attachment according to Schaer?

  1. Asocial stage (0-6 weeks)
  2. Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks - 7 months)
  3. Specific attachment (7-9 months)
  4. Multiple attachment (9-10 months and beyond)
• What are the implications of Bowlby's theory for early child care?

  • Immediate physical contact after birth is encouraged
  • Understanding the importance of attachment for development
  • Influences policies on parental leave
• What are the criticisms of Bowlby's attachment theory?

  • Lacks consideration for cultural variations
  • Overemphasis on the mother's role
  • Deterministic view of relationships
• What are the key findings from Harlow's research on rhesus monkeys?

  • Infants prefer comfort over food
  • Contact comfort is crucial for attachment
  • Maternal deprivation leads to social disorders
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of using animal studies in attachment research?

  Strengths:

  • Control over variables
  • Insight into attachment processes

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Ethical concerns
  • Limited generalizability to humans
• What are the main components of learning theory in attachment?

  • Classical conditioning: association of caregiver with food
  • Operant conditioning: reinforcement of crying behavior
  • Reductionist approach to complex relationships
• What are the implications of attachment research for parenting practices?

  • Importance of responsive caregiving
  • Encouragement of secure attachments
  • Awareness of the critical period for attachment
• What are the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?

  1. Secure attachment
  2. Insecure-avoidant attachment
  3. Insecure-resistant attachment
• What do some people believe about their control over relationships?

  They believe they have complete conscious control