Ap euro unit 4

• Who is the presenter helping students with AP European History Unit Four?

  Steve Heimler
• What are the three big categories of change during the Scientific Revolution?

  1. Advances in astronomy
  2. Advances in medicine
  3. Advances in reasoning
• What was the prevailing view of the universe before the Scientific Revolution?

  The geocentric model, with Earth at the center.
• Who developed the geocentric model of the universe?

  Ancient Greeks like Aristotle and Ptolemy.
• What model did Copernicus propose?

  The heliocentric model, with the sun at the center.
• How did Copernicus explain the apparent movement of the sun?

  He explained it by stating that the Earth spins on its axis.
• What significant contribution did Johannes Kepler make to astronomy?

  He discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses.
• What instrument did Galileo Galilei use to observe celestial bodies?

  The telescope.
• What did Galileo prove about other planets?

  They are made of the same material as Earth.
• How did the Catholic Church react to the findings of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo?

  They banned their books and charged Galileo with heresy.
• Who was the ancient Greek whose work in anatomy was widely accepted in medieval Europe?

  Galen.
• What was Galen's humoral theory of the body?

  It stated that the body is composed of four humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.
• Who rejected Galen's humoral theory and proposed that chemical imbalances cause disease?

  Paracelsus.
• What did William Harvey discover about the circulatory system?

  It is a single integrated system where blood circulates from the heart and back.
• What were the contributions of Francis Bacon and René Descartes to the scientific method?

  • Francis Bacon: Pioneer of inductive reasoning, emphasizing empirical research.
  • René Descartes: Champion of deductive reasoning, starting from general principles to specifics.
• What did the scientific method emphasize?

  Observation and experimentation.
• How did the view of religion change during the Enlightenment?

  Religion was increasingly seen as a private matter rather than a public concern.
• Who is associated with the idea of natural rights?

  John Locke.
• What is the concept of popular sovereignty as proposed by John Locke?

  It means that the power of the state originates with the people.
• What is the social contract according to Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

  It is an agreement where people surrender some power to a government that protects their natural rights.
• What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue in her work?

  Women are not inherently inferior to men; their perceived inferiority is due to lack of education and opportunity.
• What economic theory did Adam Smith criticize in his book "The Wealth of Nations"?

  Mercantilism.
• What did Adam Smith propose regarding government involvement in the economy?

  Governments should not interfere and allow the free market to operate.
• How did astrology relate to the beliefs of thinkers during the Scientific Revolution?

  Many thinkers continued to believe in astrology despite scientific advancements.
• What was the influence of the Catholic Church on scientific thought during the Scientific Revolution?

  The Church opposed new scientific ideas that contradicted its teachings.
• What was the significance of the Enlightenment in shaping modern political thought?

  It challenged absolute authority and promoted individual rights and reason.
• How did the Scientific Revolution impact European society?

  It led to a shift in understanding the natural world and challenged traditional beliefs.
• What connection exists between the Enlightenment and the American Revolution?

  Enlightenment ideas influenced the principles of liberty and democracy in the American Revolution.
• Who were some other Enlightenment thinkers not mentioned in detail?

  Montesquieu and Rousseau.
• How did the Enlightenment affect religious practices in Europe?

  It led to a more secular approach to religion and emphasized personal belief.
• What role did women play in the Enlightenment beyond Wollstonecraft?

  Women contributed to salons and discussions, influencing Enlightenment thought.
• What is the connection between the Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution?

  The Scientific Revolution provided the knowledge and methods that fueled the Industrial Revolution.
• Who wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"?

  Mary Wollstonecraft
• What was the main argument of "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"?

  Women are not inherently inferior to men; their perceived inferiority is due to lack of education and opportunity.
• What book did Adam Smith write that applied Enlightenment thinking to economics?

  The Wealth of Nations
• What economic policies did Adam Smith criticize in "The Wealth of Nations"?

  Mercantilist policies of European nations.
• What does the "invisible hand" refer to in Adam Smith's economic theory?

  The self-regulating nature of the free market.
• How did Enlightenment ideas contribute to dissatisfaction with political institutions?

  They encouraged people to question existing power structures and seek more rights.
• What was the primary method of spreading Enlightenment ideas across Europe?

  The printing press.
• What were salons in the context of the Enlightenment?

  Private meetings held in opulent houses for discussing and debating new ideas.