Organisation Biology

• What are the medical treatments for heart disease mentioned in the study material?


  Statins, stents, and heart transplant
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins?

  Advantages:

  • Can prevent heart disease development
  • Improved quality of life

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Long-term treatment
  • Possible negative side effects
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of stents?

  Advantages:

  • Effective when drugs are less effective
  • Long-term benefits
  • Made from metal alloys, not rejected
  • Improved quality of life

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Requires surgery under general anaesthetic
  • Risk of infection
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of heart transplants?

  Advantages:

  • Can treat complete heart failure
  • Extended life
  • Improved quality of life
  • Temporary use of artificial hearts

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Major surgery risks
  • Lack of available donors
  • Risk of infection or transplant rejection
  • Long recovery times
• What do phloem vessels transport in plants?

  Food such as dissolved sugars and glucose
• Where is food transported in plants?

  To areas of growth and storage organs
• How do phloem cells connect?

  They have small holes in the walls where cells are joined
• What is transpiration?

  The loss of water from the leaves of the plant
• What causes the transpiration stream?

  Evaporation of water from leaves creates a vacuum that draws water up
• What environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration?

  • Increased light intensity increases transpiration
  • Increased temperature increases evaporation
  • Increased humidity decreases transpiration
  • Greater concentration gradient increases diffusion rate
  • Increased wind speed increases transpiration
  • Decreased soil water content causes stomata to close
• How can one illness affect susceptibility to another?

  Having one illness can increase susceptibility to another
• What are some examples of disease interactions?

  • Immune disorders increase risk of infectious disease
  • Viral infections increase risk of cancer
  • Immune reactions can trigger allergies
  • Poor physical health increases risk of depression
• What correlation is mentioned regarding smoking and lung cancer?

  There is a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked and lung cancer deaths
• Why can't it be stated that smoking will cause lung cancer?

  Not every smoker develops lung cancer, and other factors contribute
• What is health defined as in the study material?

  Being free from illness or disease, including physical and mental wellbeing
• What lifestyle factors can impact health?

  • Diet
  • Stress
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Use of illegal drugs
• What conditions are associated with certain lifestyle choices?

  • Liver conditions: poor diet and excessive alcohol
  • Lung cancer: smoking
  • Memory loss: illegal drug use
  • Obesity and diabetes: poor diet
  • Anxiety and depression: stress and excessive alcohol
• What is the pulse rate?

  The number of heartbeats per minute
• How is pulse rate typically measured?

  By counting beats in a given time and converting to beats per minute
• What does a lower resting pulse rate indicate?

  A greater level of physical fitness
• What is cardiac output?

  The volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute
• What is stroke volume?

  The volume of blood pumped from the heart each contraction
• How is cardiac output calculated?

  $\text{Cardiac output (cm³/min)} =$$\text{heart rate (bpm)} \times \text{stroke volume (cm³/beat)}$
• What is cancer the result of?

  Uncontrolled cell growth and division
• What are the characteristics of a benign tumour?

  • Grows slowly
  • Usually within a membrane
  • Easily removed
  • Does not normally grow back
  • Does not spread around the body
• What are the characteristics of a malignant tumour?

  • Grows rapidly
  • Can invade surrounding tissues
  • Can spread to other parts of the body
  • More likely to be life-threatening
• What can artificial pacemakers do?

  They can be implanted to help heart nodes function correctly
• How can illegal drugs and alcohol affect heart health?

  • Illegal drugs can increase heart rate and blood pressure
  • Excessive alcohol can lead to increased blood pressure
• What is coronary heart disease?

  A condition resulting from blockages in the coronary arteries
• What are the main symptoms of coronary heart disease?

  Chest pain, heart attack, or heart failure
• What lifestyle factors can increase the risk of coronary heart disease?

  • High-fat diet
  • Smoking
  • Stress
• What is blood composed of?

  Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
• What is the function of red blood cells?

  To transport oxygen
• How is oxygen transported in red blood cells?

  It is attached to the haem group
• What is the shape of red blood cells and why?

  They have a biconcave shape to increase surface area
• What is the role of white blood cells?

  To form part of the immune system and produce antibodies
• What is the function of platelets?

  To aid in blood clotting
• What happens to deoxygenated blood in the heart?

  It enters the right atrium via the vena cava
• What happens to blood after it is pumped from the right ventricle?

  It is forced up through the pulmonary artery towards the lungs
• What occurs in the lungs regarding blood?

  Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen