cell biology

• What are the three types of specialized animal cells discussed in the video?

  Sperm cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells
• What does it mean for a cell to be specialized?

  It has adaptations that help it carry out a particular function
• What is the process called when cells become specialized?

  Differentiation
• What are the adaptations of sperm cells for fertilization?

  • Long tail for swimming
  • Streamlined shape for easier movement
  • Packed with mitochondria for energy
  • Contains enzymes to digest the ovum's outer layer
• What is the primary function of sperm cells?

  To join with an ovum during fertilization
• What is contained in the nucleus of a sperm cell?

  The genetic information of the sperm
• What are the key features of nerve cells?

  • Long axon for transmitting impulses
  • Myelin sheath for insulation and speed
  • Synapses for passing impulses to other nerve cells
  • Dendrites to increase surface area for connections
• What is the main function of nerve cells?

  To send electrical impulses around the body
• How does myelin affect the function of nerve cells?

  It insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses
• What are the adaptations of muscle cells for contraction?

  • Contain protein fibers that change length
  • Packed with mitochondria for energy
  • Work together to form muscle tissue
• What is the key feature of muscle cells?

  They can contract, or get shorter
• What do protein fibers in muscle cells do during contraction?

  They shorten, decreasing the length of the muscle cell
• What do muscle cells require for contraction?

  Energy provided by mitochondria
• How do muscle cells work together?

  • They form muscle tissue
  • They coordinate to produce movement
  • They contract in unison for effective function
• What should you be able to do by the end of the video regarding specialized animal cells?

  Describe how sperm cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells are specialized to carry out their functions
• What is the definition of diffusion?

  Diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• What does the term "net" mean in the context of diffusion?

  "Net" refers to the overall movement of particles.
• Which three molecules move in and out of cells by diffusion?

  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Urea
• Why do cells need oxygen?

  Cells need oxygen for respiration, which is carried out by mitochondria.
• How does the concentration of oxygen outside the cell compare to that inside the cell?

  The concentration of oxygen is higher outside the cell than inside the cell.
• What happens to oxygen molecules when they move into the cell?

  Oxygen molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration by diffusion.
• What is produced as a waste gas during respiration?

  Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste gas during respiration.
• How does the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the cell compare to that outside the cell?

  The concentration of carbon dioxide is higher inside the cell than outside.
• How does carbon dioxide move out of the cell?

  Carbon dioxide moves out of the cell by diffusion from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• What is urea and how does it move out of cells?

  Urea is a waste product produced inside cells that diffuses out into the blood plasma.
• What are the three main factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

  The three main factors are concentration difference, temperature, and surface area of the membrane.
• How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

  The greater the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion takes place.
• What happens to the rate of diffusion when the temperature increases?

  The rate of diffusion increases because particles have more kinetic energy and move faster.
• How does the surface area of the cell membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

  A larger surface area of the cell membrane results in a greater rate of diffusion.
• What are the implications of having a larger surface area for a cell's membrane?

  • Greater rate of diffusion
  • More efficient exchange of materials
  • Enhanced cellular function
• Where can students find questions on diffusion related to this material?

  Students can find questions on diffusion in the vision workbook linked in the video.
• What should students be able to do by the end of the video on diffusion?

  • Describe what diffusion means
  • Describe the factors affecting the rate of diffusion