External Factors

• What is the key out-of-school factor that might impact differential achievement by social class?

  Material deprivation
• What does material deprivation refer to?

  The inability to afford basic resources
• How does material deprivation affect pupils' educational performance?

  It leads to underachievement due to lack of resources
• What are some examples of basic resources that pupils may be unable to afford due to material deprivation?

  Sufficient food, heating, clothing, and educational resources
• How does poor diet and under-nourishment impact educational performance?

  It leads to poor health and subsequent poor attendance at school
• What are important material factors for educational success?

  Access to the internet, books, and a quiet place to work
• Why might working-class pupils need to undertake employment alongside their studies?

  To bring in more income into the household
• What is the impact of working too many hours on educational performance?

  It leads to insufficient time for study and fatigue
• How can higher-income households benefit educationally?

  They can afford educational visits and private tuition
• What do some argue about working-class pupils in terms of cultural deprivation?

  They often experience inadequate socialization
• What perspective argues that cultural capital gives middle-class pupils advantages?

  Marxist/neo-Marxist perspective
• What is the difference in gratification expectations between working-class and middle-class pupils?

  Working-class pupils expect immediate gratification, while middle-class pupils understand deferred gratification
• Who is associated with the idea that working-class families are less interested in social mobility?

  Sugarman (1970)
• What did Hyman (1967) argue about working-class families?

  They were less interested in social mobility than middle-class families
• How does Douglas (1964) view the involvement of working-class parents in their children's education?

  He argued that they took less interest in school and education
• What is Bourdieu's concept of habitus?

  It refers to the norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors of a particular social group
• How does cultural capital relate to educational achievement?

  Middle-class cultural norms are better rewarded in the education system
• What does social capital refer to?

  The networks and relationships a person possesses based on class membership
• How can high social capital benefit a middle-class individual in education?

  It enables them to build productive relationships with teachers
• What has been the impact of government policies on out-of-school factors affecting educational achievement?

  Statistics show that social class remains the main predictor of educational achievement
• What are some policies designed to combat material factors?

  Educational Maintenance Allowances, Pupil Premium, free school dinners
• What is the challenge with compensatory education policies?

  They have not significantly shifted the statistics on educational achievement
• How can wealth impact educational attainment?

  Wealth allows for the purchase of educational advantages
• What is the relationship between cultural factors and educational success for working-class children?

  Working-class children may prioritize immediate gratification due to realistic expectations
• Why might working-class families need their children's income?

  They may require it for material necessity
• What are the main out-of-school factors affecting educational achievement?

  • Material deprivation
  • Cultural deprivation
  • Social capital
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of compensatory education policies?

  Strengths:

  • Aim to address inequalities
  • Provide additional resources

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Have not significantly changed achievement statistics
  • Cannot prevent wealthier families from gaining advantages