Durkheim

• What type of socialisation does Durkheim argue the education system provides?

  Secondary socialisation
• How does secondary socialisation differ from primary socialisation according to Durkheim?

  Secondary socialisation passes on universal norms and values shared by broader society.
• What is the role of secondary socialisation in society?

  It helps individuals become fully-functional, normal members of society.
• What do the terms norms and values refer to in Durkheim's theory?

  Norms refer to behavior and attitudes considered normal, while values are what people consider important.
• According to functionalists, how are norms and values transmitted in society?

  They are socialised into individuals first through the family and later through institutions like education.
• What type of values do people learn during secondary socialisation?

  Universalistic values rather than just those particular to their own family or community.
• Why did Durkheim believe education had to perform a greater role in modern industrial societies?

  Because it was necessary to learn the shared values of broader society in complex, large-scale societies.
• What is mechanical solidarity according to Durkheim?

  It is a type of social cohesion based on shared norms and values in agrarian societies.
• How does organic solidarity differ from mechanical solidarity?

  Organic solidarity is based on the interdependence of individuals in a complex society.
• What skills does Durkheim believe individuals need to learn in an industrial society?

  Individuals need to learn certain skills to function and perform specific economic roles.
• What does Durkheim suggest about the education system's role in teaching specialist skills?

  The education system teaches both common knowledge and specific competencies for different roles.
• What are the key roles of the education system according to Durkheim?

  • Instilling social solidarity
  • Teaching social rules and how to abide by them
  • Teaching specialist skills
• How does education instill social solidarity according to Durkheim?

  By teaching history, children learn to see themselves as part of a bigger picture and work together for common goals.
• What is the importance of teaching social rules in schools?

  It ensures everyone follows a particular set of rules and limits deviance.
• How does Durkheim view the relationship between education and self-discipline?

  Children learn about punishment in schools, which helps them learn self-discipline.
• Why does Durkheim believe children need to learn specialist skills?

  Because modern jobs require technical knowledge and skills that change over generations.
• What criticism do Marxists have of Durkheim's view on education?

  They question where shared values come from and whose interests they serve.
• How do postmodernists view Durkheim's idea of a value consensus in education?

  They argue that contemporary society is diverse and multicultural, making a shared value consensus impossible.
• What is one reason some sociologists believe Durkheim's education model is outdated?

  Because the contemporary economy is no longer based around assembly lines.
• What does Hargreaves argue about the education system's impact on social solidarity?

  He argues that it encourages individualism and competition rather than social solidarity.
• How does the education system discourage collaborative learning according to Hargreaves?

  It views collaborative learning as cheating or copying, promoting competition instead.