Created and Reinforced

• What role does religion play in creating national identities according to Jacobson?

  Religion, particularly Islam, is crucial in creating the national identity of young Pakistanis.
• What does Jacobson's book "Islam in Translation" focus on?

  It focuses on how Islamic religion creates powerful loyalties to the Pakistani identity.
• How does Islam impact the national identity of young Pakistanis?

  It impacts their identity through diet, worship, dress, behavior, and everyday practices.
• What is an important aspect of being Pakistani according to the study material?

  Islam is an important part of being Pakistani.
• What was the aim of the national curriculum introduced by a Conservative government in the 1990s?

  To create a strong sense of national identity.
• What does the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) state as a principal goal of the history curriculum?

  To promote individual and national identities through knowledge of Britain's diverse society.
• How does the history curriculum reflect cultural dominance in the UK?

  It tends to be England-focused, with few references to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
• What might be the consequence of the exclusion of Scottish, Welsh, and Northern Irish history in the curriculum?

  It may lead to a more "English" focus in the identity building of British National Identities.
• What did schools and sixth forms urge to promote in 2015?

  To promote "fundamental British values" as part of the curriculum.
• What are the British values stated by OFSTED?

  Democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty, and mutual respect for different faiths and beliefs.
• How does Anderson define a 'nation'?

  A 'nation' is an "imagined community" where members will never meet most of their fellow members.
• What role does the media play in creating national identity according to Anderson?

  The media is responsible for creating national identity through symbols and a common language.
• What historical development allowed for a standard language within a country?

  The development of the printing press allowed for a standard language.
• How does the media contribute to a sense of community among people in a nation?

  It gives a sense that people are part of a community bigger than themselves.
• What concept did Billig coin to describe unnoticed signs of nationalism?

  Banal nationalism.
• What does banal nationalism refer to according to Billig?

  It refers to ordinary signs of nationalism that reproduce the nation daily.
• How do mundane reproductions of the nation enable national sentiments?

  They allow for the mobilization of national sentiments during celebrations.
• How did the 2012 Olympics exemplify the concept of banal nationalism?

  It showcased small, everyday forms of nationalism that express a strong sense of national identity.
• What is the significance of televised parades in relation to national identity?

  They promote a strong sense of national identity across big events.