b3 infection and response

• What are communicable diseases caused by?

  Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protists
• How do viruses reproduce?

  Viruses inject their genetic code into a cell, causing it to produce more viruses
• What happens to a cell when it is infected by a virus?

  The cell explodes, releasing more viruses to infect other cells
• What disease is caused by the measles virus?

  Measles
• How is measles spread?

  By droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What is AIDS?

  AIDS is a condition caused by HIV that compromises the immune system
• How can HIV be spread?

  By sharing needles or through sexual contact
• What do bacteria release that damages body cells?

  Toxins
• What is an example of a bacterial infection from undercooked food?

  Salmonella
• What is gonorrhea?

  An STD that causes a yellow discharge from the genitalia
• What is an example of a fungal infection?

  Athlete's foot
• What is malaria caused by?

  A protist that burrows into red blood cells
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What is a vector in the context of disease?

  An organism that transmits a pathogen
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal infection that causes purple black spots on leaves
• How can fungal infections in plants be treated?

  With fungicides
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus affect?

  Plants, causing discoloration of leaves
• How does the body protect itself from pathogens?

  Through barriers like skin and immune responses
• What is the first barrier to pathogens entering the body?

  Skin
• What role does mucus play in the respiratory system?

  Mucus traps pathogens that enter through the nose and trachea
• What type of white blood cells produce antibodies?

  Lymphocytes
• What do antibodies do?

  They stick to antigens on pathogens and neutralize them
• How do lymphocytes respond to unknown pathogens?

  They produce various antibodies until one fits the antigen
• What is immunity?

  The ability to resist infection from a specific pathogen
• What is a vaccine?

  A dead or inert version of a pathogen that stimulates an immune response
• What is the purpose of the flu vaccine?

  To expose the immune system to the flu virus without causing infection
• How does the COVID-19 vaccine work?

  It uses mRNA to instruct cells to produce part of the virus, including the antigen
• What do antibiotics kill?

  Bacteria
• What was the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin
• Why are antibiotics designed to be specific?

  To avoid damaging good bacteria and body cells
• What happens when bacteria mutate?

  They can become resistant to antibiotics
• What is aspirin derived from?

  Willow trees
• What is the process for drug testing?

  Lab trials, animal trials, and human trials with a control group
• What is a placebo?

  A substance with no therapeutic effect, used as a control in trials
• What is a blind trial?

  A trial where test subjects do not know if they are receiving the drug or placebo
• What is a double-blind trial?

  A trial where neither the subjects nor the researchers know who receives the drug or placebo
• What are monoclonal antibodies?

  Antibodies made from clones of a cell that produce a specific antibody
• How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

  By combining lymphocytes with tumor cells to create hybridoma cells
• What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

  For medical diagnosis, pathogen detection, and identifying molecules in tissue