imperialism challenged

• What became evident about the vulnerability of British troops during the conflict?

  British troops were vulnerable and had to call on troops from India and other parts of the Empire.
• Why couldn't the British rely on sea power in South Africa?

  Because of the geographical limitations and the nature of the conflict.
• What did the Treaty of Vereeniging grant to the Boers?

  It granted the Boers £3 million in compensation to restore farms.
• What economic integration did Milner work on after the Treaty of Vereeniging?

  He worked to integrate the economies of British and Boer colonies by establishing a single customs union and amalgamating railways.
• When was Transvaal granted self-governing status?

  Transvaal was granted self-governing status in 1906.
• What happened in 1910 regarding the parliaments of the Cape Colony, Transvaal, Orange River Colony, and Natal?

  They voted to be part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
• How did the First World War impact Britain economically?

  The war devastated Britain, sinking 40% of its merchant fleet and leaving it with a debt of 136% of GDP.
• How many men did the colonies send to fight for the Empire during the First World War?

  Approximately 1.4 million men.
• What role did the Empire play in Britain's victory during the First World War?

  The Empire supplied Britain with raw materials and food, playing a huge part in the victory due to the policy of 'imperial preference' under Asquith.
• What was the purpose of the Imperial War Cabinet created by Lloyd George in 1917?

  To coordinate imperial military policy among the British Empire's nations.
• Why was the Imperial War Cabinet criticized by Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes?

  It was criticized for being dominated by British interests after peace negotiations regarding Australia were passed without discussions with the Australian government.
• What was the contribution of South African troops during the First World War?

  136,000 South African troops contributed to the war effort.
• How did many countries feel about Britain's involvement in the Empire after the war?

  Many countries felt disillusioned by Britain and wanted less involvement from the Empire.
• What significant event occurred in French Quebec in March 1918?

  There were protest riots against conscription.
• Who was Harry Thuku and what did he do?

  Harry Thuku was an influential Kikuyu who developed Young Kikuyu, a non-militant organization to recover Kikuyu lands lost when Kenya became a British Crown Colony.
• What organization did Harry Thuku found in 1921?

  He founded the East African Association.
• What was the impact of the Second World War on Harry Thuku's activism?

  The Second World War had a radicalizing effect, leading Thuku to help establish the Kenya African Study Union, which became the Kenya African Union in 1946.
• What were the primary reasons for decolonization after the Second World War?

  Economic impact of the war, changing international situation, emergence of nationalist movements, and changing priorities in Europe.
• How did Britain's post-colonial policy emphasize the development of African colonies?

  It emphasized developing African colonies through the Colonial Development Corporation, but the Second World War accelerated economic growth in response to war needs.
• What was the Burns Constitution of 1946?

  It was a constitution that anticipated the rise of an educated African elite and allowed some political representation.
• How did Indian nationalism develop after World War I?

  It grew due to the unsatisfactory Government of India Act 1919 and was characterized by peaceful protests led by Gandhi.
• What were the differing views between Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru regarding India's future?

  Nehru sought modernization and industrialization, while Gandhi advocated for an agricultural, rural-based society.
• What was the All India Muslim League's stance during the nationalist struggle?

  It worked in cooperation with Congress but grew more vocal in representing India's Muslim minority under Jinnah's leadership.
• What did Dr. Muhammad Iqbal suggest as a solution for Indian Muslims in 1930?

  He suggested the establishment of a state of Pakistan comprising Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan.
• How did the colonies of West Africa respond to colonial governance by 1914?

  They had legislative councils, but powers were limited and African representation was minimal, prompting political activism.
• What was the significance of the Pan-African Congress convened in 1945?

  It called for 'autonomy and independence' of black Africa, reflecting growing nationalist sentiments.
• How did the Salt March reflect Gandhi's approach to protest?

  It was a non-violent protest, though it resulted in the arrest of 80,000 participants.
• What was the outcome of the Quit India campaign?

  It led to a wave of violence and was marked by a lack of clear leadership and goals.
• What was the Milner Report's conclusion regarding Egypt's independence?

  It granted Egypt independence in 1922, but relations remained strained due to British military presence.
• What escalated tensions in Palestine by 1945?

  The formation of the Haganah and the Stern Gang, which waged war on both British and Arabs.
• How did colonization affect people's identities?

  Colonization created a 'colonial' identity, influencing how people viewed themselves and their world.
• How did British policies aim to 'civilize' those colonized?

  British colonizers adopted deliberate policies aimed at imposing British and European ideals on indigenous peoples.
• What was the significance of Empire Day celebrations?

  They sought to create a sense of belonging to a family of nations under the same monarch.
• What was the role of the Black and Tans during the Anglo-Irish War?

  They were a force of temporary policemen recruited to assist the Royal Irish Constabulary.
• What was the outcome of the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed in 1921?

  It created the Irish Free State, but six Northern counties opted out.
• What were the consequences of Eamon de Valera's refusal to accept the Anglo-Irish Treaty?

  It led to further conflict and the Irish Civil War, which ended in 1923 with the defeat of republicans.
• How did the Government of India Act 1919 contribute to conflict in India?

  It was seen as unsatisfactory by nationalists, leading to protests and unrest.
• What was the Amritsar massacre and its significance?

  It was a tragic event where Brigadier-General Dyer opened fire on a protesting crowd, galvanizing support for Gandhi's Non-Co-Operation Movement.
• What was the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922?

  It involved police opening fire on demonstrators, leading to violence and further unrest.
• What was the significance of the 1924 Empire Exhibition?

  It showcased imperialistic music and promoted goods from the Empire.