b4 bioenergetics

• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

  In chlorophyll and chloroplasts
• What is the purpose of photosynthesis in plants?

  To provide food for the plant
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  Endothermic reaction
• What is glucose used for in plants after photosynthesis?

  For respiration, or it's turned into starch or fat for energy storage
• What is cellulose used for in plants?

  To produce cell walls
• How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  The rate increases with higher temperature until denaturing occurs
• What are the three factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis?

  Light intensity, temperature, and CO2 concentration
• What happens to the rate of photosynthesis if there is plenty of CO2 and warm temperatures but not enough light?

  The rate will be limited by the lack of light
• How can the rate of photosynthesis be measured practically?

  • Submerge pondweed in an inverted measuring cylinder
  • Measure the volume of oxygen produced over time
  • Alternatively, count the bubbles (less accurate)
• What is the independent variable in the practical measurement of photosynthesis?

  The light intensity
• How does light intensity change with distance from the light source?

  It follows an inverse square relationship
• Where does respiration take place in cells?

  In mitochondria
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Respiration that occurs with oxygen
• What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

  It is the opposite of photosynthesis
• What happens to breathing and heart rates during exercise?

  They increase to deliver more oxygen to cells
• What occurs during anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  Glucose is converted into lactic acid
• What is oxygen debt?

  It is the amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid after exercise
• How do plant and yeast cells respire anaerobically?

  Glucose is turned into ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What is fermentation in the context of yeast?

  It is the process that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What is metabolism?

  • The sum of all reactions in a cell or organism
  • Includes respiration, conversion of glucose into starch, glycogen, and cellulose
  • Involves the synthesis of amino acids and lipids
• What is produced when excess proteins are broken down?

  Urea