application of reproduction and genetics

• What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project?

  Improve knowledge of genetic disorders
• When did the Human Genome Project begin and end?

  1990 to 2003
• What did the Human Genome Project discover about DNA?

  Order of DNA bases in genomes
• What is Sanger Sequencing?

  A method to read DNA base sequences
• How long did it take to sequence a million base pairs using Sanger Sequencing?

  One year
• What is Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)?

  Faster techniques to sequence entire genomes
• What was the aim of the 100K Genome Project?

  Sequence 100,000 genomes from NHS patients
• What can be located using the 100K Genome Project?

  Genes responsible for rare diseases
• How does genetic screening assist couples?

  Allows informed decisions before having children
• What ethical issues arise from genetic screening?

  Potential discrimination based on genetic information
• What is a concern regarding embryo screening?

  Choosing alleles for specific characteristics
• What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

  Homozygous autosomal recessive allele
• What are symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

  Difficulty breathing and recurrent infections
• How can carriers of cystic fibrosis be identified?

  Through blood tests
• What is the role of PCR in DNA analysis?

  Amplifies specific DNA fragments rapidly
• What happens during the separation stage of PCR?

  DNA is heated to break hydrogen bonds
• What occurs during the annealing stage of PCR?

  Primers bind to complementary DNA strands
• What is the purpose of the extension stage in PCR?

  Add complementary nucleotides to DNA strands
• What is a limitation of PCR?

  Contamination can affect results
• What is gel electrophoresis used for?

  Separating DNA fragments by size
• How do DNA fragments move in gel electrophoresis?

  They move towards the positive electrode
• What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?

  Repeating blocks of non-coding DNA
• How are STRs used in DNA profiling?

  To create unique genetic fingerprints
• What is genetic engineering?

  Manipulating or altering DNA
• What are the main applications of DNA profiling?

  • Determining zygosity in twins
  • Identifying blood relatives
  • Phylogenetic studies
  • Paternity testing
  • Immigration verification
  • Forensic investigations
• What are the limitations of PCR?

  • Contamination can occur
  • High sensitivity to inhibitors
  • Error rate due to Taq polymerase
  • Limits on amplification after 20 cycles
  • Inefficiency with large DNA fragments
• What are the steps involved in PCR?

  1. Separation: DNA heated to 95°C
  2. Annealing: Cooling to 50-60°C for primer binding
  3. Extension: Heating to 70°C for nucleotide addition
• What is the significance of the Anopheles gambiae genome sequencing?

  • Helps develop insecticides
  • Aids in malaria control
  • Understands evolutionary relationships
• What are the implications of the 100K Genome Project data?

  • Future uses are uncertain
  • Ethical considerations are necessary
  • Legal responsibilities need clarification
• What are the effects of cystic fibrosis on the body?

  • Mucus blocks airways
  • Causes breathing difficulties
  • Leads to recurrent infections
• How does genetic screening benefit prenatal diagnosis?

  • Identifies alleles causing disorders
  • Informs parents about genetic risks
  • Aids in decision-making for pregnancies
• What are the ethical concerns regarding genetic information?

  • Potential discrimination in insurance
  • Anxiety from knowing genetic risks
  • Issues with embryo selection
• What is the role of DNA ladders in gel electrophoresis?

  • Contains known DNA fragment sizes
  • Helps determine sample DNA lengths
  • Used for comparison with unknown samples
• What is the significance of STRs in DNA profiling?

  • Unique to individuals
  • More variation in introns than exons
  • Used to differentiate between samples
• What are the applications of genetic engineering?

  • Altering DNA sequences
  • Transferring genes between organisms
  • Developing genetically modified organisms
• What is the significance of the same position and width of bands in DNA profiling?

  It indicates a match between DNA samples
• What are some applications of DNA profiling?

  • Determining monozygotic or fraternal twins
  • Identifying blood relatives for adopted individuals
  • Conducting phylogenetic studies
  • Performing paternity testing
  • Assisting in immigration cases
  • Forensic investigations
• What is the purpose of DNA profiling in twins?

  To determine if they are monozygotic or fraternal
• Why might adopted individuals use DNA profiling?

  To determine their blood relatives
• What is one use of DNA profiling in forensic science?

  To match DNA from crime scenes