Eysenck

• What are the potential biological reasons for offending behavior discussed in the videos?

  They include personality type, moral reasoning, socialization, and childhood experiences.
• What psychological perspectives are considered for offending behavior?

  • Personality type (Eysenck)
  • Underdeveloped moral reasoning (Kohlberg)
  • Socialization (Sutherland)
  • Childhood experiences (Freud)
• According to Eysenck, what is the basis of personality type?

  It is based on the type of nervous system and genetic makeup.
• How does Eysenck relate personality to offending behavior?

  He suggests that personality type influences how individuals respond to stimuli, affecting their likelihood of offending.
• What is the relationship between the nervous system and offending behavior according to Eysenck?

  The nervous system's response to stimuli influences behaviors like the fight or flight response, which can lead to offending behavior.
• What are the three dimensions of personality according to Eysenck?

  1. Extraversion to Introversion
  2. Neuroticism to Stability
  3. Psychoticism (low to high)
• What characterizes an extroverted personality according to Eysenck?

  Extroverts are outgoing and attention-seeking, often due to an under-aroused nervous system.
• Why do extroverts engage in risky behavior according to Eysenck?

  They seek to boost their under-aroused nervous system through exciting activities.
• How does Eysenck describe introverts?

  Introverts have a chronically under-aroused nervous system and avoid stimulation.
• What defines neurotic individuals according to Eysenck?

  Neurotic individuals have easily triggered nervous systems and show anxious, obsessive behaviors.
• What characterizes stable individuals in Eysenck's theory?

  Stable individuals have less easily triggered nervous systems and demonstrate calm behavior.
• What does the psychoticism dimension measure in Eysenck's theory?

  It measures the amount of emotion a person feels, with high psychoticism indicating emotional coldness and lack of empathy.
• What is the criminal personality type according to Eysenck?

  The criminal personality type is characterized as highly extroverted, highly neurotic, and highly psychotic.
• What evidence supports Eysenck's theory?

  A study by McGurk and Dougal found that convicted inmates scored higher on extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism compared to students.
• What is a limitation of Eysenck's theory regarding personality stability?

  It assumes that personality is inherited and stable over a lifetime, which does not align with observed offending behavior trends.
• What are Moffitt's two types of offenders?

  1. Life-course persistent offenders: commit crimes throughout their lives.
  2. Adolescent-limited offenders: stop anti-social behavior upon reaching adulthood.
• How does Moffitt's explanation differ from Eysenck's?

  Moffitt's explanation accounts for different patterns of offending behavior over a lifetime, while Eysenck's focuses on a single criminal personality type.
• What are the limitations of Eysenck's three personality dimensions?

  • Too simplistic
  • Does not account for other personality traits
  • Fails to explain why some neurotic and extroverted individuals are not criminal
• What does Digman's five-factor model add to personality dimensions?

  It adds conscientiousness and agreeableness to the existing dimensions.
• What is a potential issue with biological theories of offending behavior?

  They suggest that biology determines behavior, which raises ethical concerns about responsibility and sentencing.
• What is a forensic exam question related to Eysenck's theory?

  Why is Eysenck's theory of the criminal personality significant?
• What is the overall theme of the video series discussed?

  • Exploring psychological perspectives on offending behavior
  • Examining biological and personality factors
  • Discussing implications for criminality and behavior
• What is the definition of neurotransmitters?


  Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the nervous system that transmit signals across a synapse.
• What role do neurotransmitters play in the nervous system?


  They enable communication between neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.
• What are the key points about neurotransmitters?


  • Chemical substances produced by neurons
  • Released from presynaptic neurons
  • Bind to receptors on postsynaptic cells
  • Enable communication between neurons
• What is the process of neurotransmission?


  Neurotransmission is the process by which neurotransmitters relay signals between neurons.
• What are the steps involved in neurotransmission?


  1. Synthesis of neurotransmitters in the neuron's cell body
  2. Storage in synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal
  3. Release triggered by action potential
  4. Binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
  5. Response causing changes in the postsynaptic neuron
  6. Reuptake or breakdown of neurotransmitters
• What is an action potential?


  An action potential is a brief electrical event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls.
• What are the key features of an action potential?


  Key features include depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, all-or-none principle, and propagation.
• How does an action potential relate to neurotransmission?


  The action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft.
• What are the major types of neurotransmitters?


  Major types include amino acids, monoamines, peptides, and others.
• What are examples of amino acid neurotransmitters?


  • Glutamate
  • GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
  • Glycine
• What are examples of monoamine neurotransmitters?


  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
• What role does dopamine play in the nervous system?


  Dopamine is involved in reward and pleasure circuits and regulates movement and emotional responses.
• How does norepinephrine affect the body?


  Norepinephrine increases alertness and arousal and is involved in the fight-or-flight response.
• What is the relationship between neurotransmitter imbalances and depression?


  Depression is often linked to low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.
• What are some disorders associated with neurotransmitter imbalances?


  • Depression: Low serotonin and norepinephrine
  • Anxiety Disorders: Imbalances in GABA, serotonin, and norepinephrine
  • Parkinson's Disease: Dopamine deficiency
  • Schizophrenia: Dopamine and glutamate abnormalities
  • Alzheimer's Disease: Decline in acetylcholine
  • ADHD: Imbalances in dopamine and norepinephrine
• What neurotransmitter is often targeted in treatments for anxiety disorders?


  GABA activity is often enhanced in treatments for anxiety disorders.
• What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in memory and learning?


  Acetylcholine is crucial for memory and learning.
• What is the role of endorphins in the nervous system?


  Endorphins are involved in pain relief and the feeling of pleasure.