1B. Gross Anatomy 2

• What are anatomical directions used for?

  They describe different parts of the body in relation to each other.
• What does contralateral refer to?

  It refers to the opposite side.
• What does ipsilateral refer to?

  It refers to the same side.
• What does medial mean?

  It means closer to the midline.
• What does lateral mean?

  It means further from the midline.
• What are coronal planes?

  They are vertical slices From front to back.
• What are transverse planes?

  They are horizontal slices.
• What are sagittal planes?

  They are vertical slices from right to left.
• How do anatomical planes assist in medical imaging and dissection?

  They provide a standardized way to describe locations and orientations in the body.
• What does dorsal refer to in neuroanatomical direction?

  It refers to something towards the top of the brain.
• What does ventral refer to in neuroanatomical direction?

  It refers to something towards the bottom of the brain.
• What does caudal refer to in neuroanatomical direction?

  It refers to something towards the back of the brain.
• What does rostral refer to in neuroanatomical direction?

  It refers to something towards the front of the brain.
• How do neuroanatomical directions change when referring to the spinal cord?

  They shift 90° due to the upright posture of humans.
• What does rostral refer to when discussing the spinal cord?

  It refers to something towards the top of the body.
• What does caudal refer to when discussing the spinal cord?

  It refers to something towards the bottom of the body.
• What does dorsal refer to when discussing the spinal cord?

  It refers to something towards the back of the body.
• What does ventral refer to when discussing the spinal cord?

  It refers to something towards the front of the body.
• What are the common features across the CNS?

  Blood Supply to the CNS:

  • Brain makes up 2% of body mass but receives 15% of blood supply and 20% of oxygen.
  • A brain cell is always at least 50µm from a blood vessel.

  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):

  • Circulates through the brain and spinal cord.
  • Produced by the choroid plexus.
  • 500ml produced daily, clear and colorless.
  • Provides structural support.
• What percentage of the body's blood supply does the brain receive?

  15%
• How much cerebrospinal fluid is produced each day?

  500ml
• What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

  To provide structural support.
• What are the protective layers surrounding the nervous system called?

  • The Meninges:
  • Three layers: Pia Mater, Dura Mater, Arachnoid.
  • Functions:
  • Protects the brain and spine from mechanical injury.
  • Provides blood to the skull and hemispheres.
  • Provides space for cerebrospinal fluid.
• What are the three layers of the meninges?

  Pia Mater, Dura Mater, Arachnoid
• What does the Dura Mater mean and how is it characterized?

  Means 'hard mother', tough and inflexible, divided into two layers.
• What is the Arachnoid characterized by?

  It is delicate, impermeable, and avascular with a web-like appearance.
• What does the Pia Mater mean and how does it relate to the brain?

  Means 'tender mother', adheres closely to the brain and fuses with the lining of the ventricles.
• How does the Dura Mater relate to the PNS?

  In the PNS, this layer is fused with the arachnoid mater.
• How does the Arachnoid relate to the PNS?

  In the PNS, this layer is fused with the dura mater.
• Is the Pia Mater present in the PNS?

  No