Chapter 5 Unit 1

• Biological Rhythms


  Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning
• Circadian Rhythm


  The 24-hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species
• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus


  A small structure in the hypothalamus that receives signals from the retina, affecting circadian rhythm.
• Stage 1


  Brief, transitional stage of sleep that usually lasts only 10-12 minutes.
• Stage 2


  Brief bursts of higher-frequency brain waves, called sleep spindles, appear during this sleep stage, and it usually lasts 10-25 minutes.
• Slow-wave Sleep


  Consists of sleep stage 3 , during which high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG readings
• REM Sleep


  A relatively deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency,low-amplitude brain waves similar to waking, and dreams
• NREM (Non-REM) Sleep


  Consists of sleep stages 1-3, which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity
• Insomnia


  Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep, trouble falling and staying asleep.
• Narcolepsy


  Disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods
• Sleep Apnea


  Frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
• Nightmares


  Anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep
• Night Terrors


  Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic
• Somnambulism


  Sleepwalking, occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.
• Day Residue


  Spill-over from day's activities into the night's dreams (Freud)
• Manifest Content


  The plot of a dream at a surface level
• Latent Content


  The hidden or disguised meaning of the events in the plot of a dream
• Psychoactive Drugs


  Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning
• Narcotics (Opiates)


  Drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain.
• Sedatives


  Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
• Stimulants


  Drugs that tend to increase CNS activation and behavioral activity
• Hallucinogens


  A diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.
• Cannabis


  The hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived.
• Alcohol


  A variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol.
• MDMA


  A compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline.
• Tolerance


  Refers to a progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug.
• Physical Dependence


  When a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness
• Psychological Dependence


  When a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for the drug.
• Sleep Spindles


  Brief bursts of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 of sleep.
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder


  Troublesome dream enactments during REM sleep.
• REM rebound


  the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
• withdrawal


  the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
• alpha waves


  the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
• delta waves


  the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
• depressants


  drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions