kognity: november mocks

• What is the scientific name for modern humans?

  Homo sapiens
• Which species of humans lived on the island of Flores, Indonesia?

  Homo floresiensis
• What is the original morphological concept of a species?

  Individuals of the same species tend to look more similar to each other than to members of other species.
• Who developed the naming convention known as binomial nomenclature?

  Linnaeus
• What does the biological species concept define a species as?

  A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and possibly producing offspring.
• What happens if members of two different species interbreed?

  Any offspring produced will be infertile and unable to produce their own offspring.
• How is the DNA of eukaryotes organized?

  Into chromosomes within the nucleus of cells.
• How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?

  22 pairs
• What is the total number of chromosomes in human diploid cells?

  46 chromosomes
• What does speciation describe?

  The formation of a new species from the splitting of one pre-existing species.
• What can reproductive barriers do in the context of speciation?

  They can prevent or limit interbreeding between two populations.
• What might cause a sudden change in chromosome number leading to speciation?

  An error occurring during cell division where chromosomes do not separate properly.
• What is karyotyping?

  A diagnostic technique used to compare chromosomes and identify abnormalities.
• How are chromosomes organized in a karyogram?

  By size, banding pattern, and the location of the centromere.
• What evidence supports the hypothesis that chromosome 2 in humans was formed by the fusion of chromosomes 12 and 13 in chimpanzees?

  The genes of chromosome 2 closely match those of the two suspected fusion chromosomes in chimpanzees.
• What is telomeric DNA?

  Repetitive sequences found at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from damage.
• How does the presence of a second centromere region in chromosome 2 support the fusion hypothesis?

  It indicates a mutation that does not function properly.
• What does genome sequencing involve?

  The process of determining the order of the bases in an organism’s genetic code.
• What is the difference in variation between species and within a species?

  Variation between species is much larger than variation within a species.
• How do prokaryotes reproduce?

  Through asexual reproduction via binary fission.
• What is the process of budding in hydra?

  An offspring, genetically identical to the parent, is grown on the parent organism and buds off once large enough.
• What is horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?

  A phenomenon where genetic material is exchanged between individuals of the same or different species.
• What does the biological species concept emphasize?

  Successful breeding between two individuals, producing fertile offspring.
• How do differences in chromosome number affect hybrid offspring?

  They can lead to the production of infertile hybrids.
• What is a dichotomous key used for?

  To aid in the identification of organisms based on physical characteristics.
• What is DNA barcoding?

  A method to identify species using DNA extracted from specimens or environmental samples.
• How can DNA barcoding assist in environmental assessments?

  It can determine whether a particular species is present without observing the organism itself.
• What are some potential uses of DNA barcoding?

  Identifying species from partial specimens, testing food for contamination, and analyzing stomach contents.
• How does DNA barcoding help in pest control?

  It allows for quick and accurate identification of insect pests for targeted control measures.
• organisms into species based on shared morphological characteristics- Individuals of the same species tend to look more similar to each other than to members of other species. This is the original morphological concept of a species. 
• Genus + species
• if members of two different species interbreed, any offspring produced will be infertile and unable to produce their own offspring.
• What does speciation describe?

  Formation of a new species from the splitting of one pre-existing species
• What are reproductive barriers in the context of speciation?

  Factors that prevent or limit interbreeding between two populations
• How can a physical barrier contribute to speciation?

  It can prevent interbreeding between two populations
• What changes might occur in behavior that could lead to speciation?

  Changes in behavior or timing around reproductive cycles
• What can occasionally cause a sudden change in chromosome number?

  An error during cell division
• What is the result of chromosomes not separating properly during cell division?

  Cells with twice as many chromosomes than they should have
• What are the possible causes for species splitting during speciation?

  • Reproductive barriers
  • Physical barriers preventing interbreeding
  • Changes in behavior or timing of reproductive cycles
  • Sudden changes in chromosome number due to cell division errors
• What chromosomes are suggested to have fused to create chromosome 2 in humans?

  Chromosomes 12 and 13