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Geography case studies
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The
core
consists of
two
parts - an
inner
solid
core and an
outer
liquid
core.
The
mantle
is the
thickest
layer beneath the
crust,
composed mainly of
molten
rock.
Plate
tectonics
refers to the movement of large plates on the surface of the earth.
The
lithosphere
is the rigid upper part of Earth's interior that includes both the
crust
and the uppermost part of the
mantle
.
What is precipitation?
Precipitation includes rain,
snow,
and other forms of
water
that fall from the
atmosphere
.
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How does precipitation occur?
Precipitation
occurs when
warm
, wet air rises and cools, causing
water vapor
to condense.
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Where does air rise to cause frequent precipitation?
Air rises in
low pressure belts
.
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Why are rainforests usually found in low pressure belts?
Rainforests are found in low pressure belts because
precipitation
is frequent and often intense in these areas.
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What is the precipitation level like in high pressure belts?
Precipitation
is extremely low in high pressure belts.
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Where are deserts typically located?
Deserts are normally near
high pressure belts
.
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How can the location of high and low pressure belts affect weather patterns?
The exact location of
high
and low pressure belts varies over time, affecting weather conditions in normally
moderate
areas.
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What causes wind?
Wind is caused by air moving from areas of
high
to
low
pressure.
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Why are winds weak in high and low pressure belts?
Winds are weak in high and low pressure belts due to the lack of pressure
difference.
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Where are winds strong?
Winds are strong between
pressure belts
.
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What happens when the pressure difference between high and low pressure areas is large?
Winds can be extremely
strong
when the
pressure
difference is large.
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Which region receives the most energy from the Sun?
The
equator
receives the most energy from the Sun.
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Which regions receive the least energy from the Sun?
The
poles
receive the least energy from the Sun.
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How does heat drive atmospheric circulation?
Heat drives atmospheric circulation as
warm
air from the
equator
moves towards the
poles
.
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What temperatures are typical in high pressure areas around 30° N/S?
Temperatures can be very high around 30° N/S in
high
pressure areas.
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Why are there few clouds in high pressure areas?
There are few clouds due to the
sinking air
in
high
pressure areas.
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What are the characteristics of polar climates?
Polar climates have
low
temperatures
all year round.
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What are the different climate zones around the world?
Polar: Low temperatures all year round.
Temperate: Moderate summers and winters; frequent rainfall due to low pressure.
Tropical: Hot temperatures and high
rainfall
, usually near the equator.
Arid (Dry): Very low rainfall, hot or warm temperatures, usually near 30 N/S.
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How does global atmospheric circulation affect weather?
Global atmospheric circulation affects the world's weather and can lead to
extreme
weather conditions.
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How does extreme weather vary between Australia and the UK?
Extreme weather varies significantly; for example, Australia's
summers
are
hotter
and it has lower
precipitation
than the UK.
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What is Australia's status in terms of precipitation?
Australia has much lower precipitation than the
UK
and is the world's
driest
inhabited
continent.
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What is the rainfall in extremely dry years for Australia and the UK?
Extremely dry years in Australia have less than
360
mm
360 \text{ mm}
360
mm
, while in the UK, it is less than
950
mm
950 \text{ mm}
950
mm
.
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How do extreme winds in Australia compare to those in the UK?
Australia has
stronger
extreme winds than the
UK.
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What causes strong winds in Australia?
Strong winds in Australia are caused by
tropical cyclones
.
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What is the strongest recorded wind in Australia?
The strongest recorded wind in Australia is over
400
km/h
400 \text{ km/h}
400
km/h
.
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What is the strongest recorded wind in the UK?
The UK's strongest ever sea-level wind was over
220
km/h
220 \text{ km/h}
220
km/h
.
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Describe how extreme weather varies in two contrasting countries.
Australia
has hotter summers and milder winters compared to the
UK
.
Australia's average summer temperature is about
33
°
C
33 \degree C
33°
C
, while London's is about
23
°
C
23 \degree C
23°
C
.
Australia has much lower precipitation, averaging
465
mm
465 \text{ mm}
465
mm
annually compared to the UK's
1150
mm
1150 \text{ mm}
1150
mm
.
Extreme winds in Australia can exceed
400
km/h
400 \text{ km/h}
400
km/h
, while the UK's strongest winds are around
220
km/h
220 \text{ km/h}
220
km/h
.
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What causes strong winds in tropical storms?
An area of very
low pressure
at the center of the storm
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How does the pressure difference affect wind speeds in tropical storms?
It creates strong winds due to the big pressure difference
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What is the maximum wind speed that tropical storms can reach?
More than
250 kilometres
per hour
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What can strong winds in tropical storms do to buildings and plants?
They can
damage
or
destroy
them
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What happens to loose objects during tropical storms?
They can be picked up and transported by
strong winds
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What characterizes extreme rain in tropical storms?
Extremely high amounts of
precipitation
falling rapidly
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Why does extreme rain occur in tropical storms?
Due to large amounts of warm, moist air being sucked towards the
center
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What happens to the warm, moist air as it moves towards the center of the storm?
It rises, cools, and
condenses
, causing rain
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What can be a consequence of the heavy rain in tropical storms?
Flooding
and
mudslides
can occur
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