!!Belief Systems

• Who is known for initiating the Protestant Reformation?

  Martin Luther
• Which English monarch is associated with the separation from the Catholic Church?

  Henry VIII
• Who was Henry VIII's second wife?

  Anne Boleyn
• What document did Martin Luther famously nail to the church door?

  95 Theses
• Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation?

  Charles V
• Which Spanish king attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada?

  Philip II
• What was the name of the naval fleet sent by Spain to invade England in 1588?

  Spanish Armada
• What treaty allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany?

  Peace of Augsburg
• What was the Edict of Nantes primarily concerned with?

  Religious tolerance in France
• What major conflict in Europe lasted from 1618 to 1648?

  Thirty Years' War
• What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?

  Peace of Westphalia
• What practice in the Catholic Church involved selling forgiveness of sins?

  Indulgences
• What term refers to the buying and selling of church offices?

  Simony
• What was the Holy Synod in the context of the Russian Orthodox Church?

  A governing body established by Peter the Great
• What movement aimed to reform the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation?

  Counter-Reformation
• What was the purpose of the Inquisition?

  To combat heresy within the Catholic Church
• Which religious order was founded to support the Counter-Reformation?

  Jesuits
• What was the Council of Trent primarily focused on?

  Addressing issues of church reform and doctrine
• Who is known for the doctrine of predestination in Protestant theology?

  John Calvin
• What term describes the belief that God has already chosen who will be saved?

  Predestined
• What was a significant historical change in Christianity during the 16th and 17th centuries?

  Christianity split into several factions.
• Why did French King Henry IV convert to Catholicism in 1593?

  To solidify his power and ensure peace.
• What does Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism demonstrate about monarchs?

  Monarchs often approached ruling with practicality rather than theology.
• Who were the Huguenots?

  French Calvinists.
• What political rivalries deepened the split in Islam?

  The rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires.
• What belief system did Sikhism combine?

  Hindu and Sufi Muslim beliefs.
• What challenges did the Roman Catholic Church face during the shift from feudalism to centralized governments?

  • Subject to corruption
  • Numerous Church councils and reform movements
  • Theological disagreements surfaced
• Who was John Wycliffe and lollards?

  A theologian who argued that priests were unnecessary for salvation.
• What was the significance of Wycliffe translating the Bible into English?

  It made the Bible accessible to the mass of believers who did not understand Latin.
• What happened to Jan Hus for his beliefs?

  He was burned at the stake.
• How did the Babylonian Captivity affect the power of the Church?

  It gave French rulers greater influence over the Church.
• What was Martin Luther's main objection to the Catholic Church?

  The sale of indulgences and simony.
• What did Luther nail to the church door in Wittenberg?

  The 95 Theses.
• What was the theological stance advocated by Martin Luther?

  "Sola fide," faith alone, as the basis for salvation.
• What was the consequence of Luther's challenge to the Church?

  He was excommunicated by Pope Leo X.
• How did Luther's ideas impact women?

  He taught that women could have direct access to God and promoted their literacy.
• What was the role of Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation?

  It emphasized hard work and reinvestment of profits as signs of God's favor.
• Who were Calvin's followers in France called?

  Huguenots.
• What were the main components of the Counter-Reformation?

  • Increased use of the Inquisition
  • Formation of the Jesuits
  • The Council of Trent to correct abuses
• What was the outcome of the Council of Trent?

  It corrected some abuses and reaffirmed Church rituals.