cognitive

• When did the cognitive approach rise to prominence?

  In the 1950s
• Why did psychologists turn to the cognitive approach?

  Because previous approaches failed to explain cognition
• What does cognition refer to?

  Mental processes such as perception, attention, language, problem solving, and memory
• How does cognition play a role when crossing a road?

  We perceive traffic, pay attention to it, and recall memories of safe crossing
• How do cognitive psychologists view the relationship between cognition and behavior?

  They believe cognition influences behavior
• What is a significant area of research within the cognitive approach?

  Research on brain damage patients
• What types of incidents can cause brain damage that cognitive psychologists study?

  Accidents or tumors
• What do cognitive psychologists aim to link when studying brain damage?

  They aim to link damaged brain parts to behavior
• What are key terms associated with the cognitive approach?

  Information processing, memory, forgetting, storage, and retrieval
• What are the two features of the cognitive approach?

  • Information processing model
  • Computer analogy model
• What does the information processing model suggest about the brain?

  It processes information in a linear way
• How does the information processing model relate to memory?

  Information is taken in by senses, encoded, stored, and later retrieved
• What does the computer analogy model suggest about the brain's function?

  The brain works like a computer with input, processing, and output
• How does a computer's input relate to human cognition?

  A computer receives information via a keyboard, similar to how humans receive information through senses
• What happens to information that receives attention in human cognition?

  It is processed further
• How does the output of human cognition compare to a computer's output?

  Both produce results based on processed information
• What are the seven types of research methods within the cognitive approach?

  Lab experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments
• What is the main difference between lab experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments?

  They differ in the level of manipulation by the psychologist
• What are the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) in an experiment?

  The IV is manipulated, and the DV is measured
• What is the purpose of conducting an experiment in research?

  To attain a cause and effect relationship between the IV and the DV
• How does control and realism relate to experiments?

  More control leads to less realism or ecological validity
• What is a key characteristic of a lab experiment?

  It is conducted in an artificial controlled environment
• Why do lab experiments often have low ecological validity?

  Because they lack realism and do not reflect real-life settings
• What are the strengths of lab experiments?

  They allow for causal conclusions and control of confounding variables
• What is a field experiment?

  An experiment conducted in a natural environment where the IV is manipulated
• How does ecological validity differ between lab and field experiments?

  Field experiments have greater ecological validity than lab experiments
• What is a natural experiment?

  An experiment where the IV cannot be manipulated and occurs naturally
• What is a key advantage of natural experiments?

  They provide greater ecological validity and study real-life problems
• What are the three main experimental designs?

  • Repeated measures design
  • Independent measures design
  • Matched pairs design
• What is a major weakness of natural experiments?

  They cannot demonstrate a cause and effect relationship
• What is a repeated measures design?

  All participants do both conditions of the experiment
• What is a key advantage of repeated measures design?

  It controls participant variables since the same participants are used
• What are order effects in repeated measures design?

  They occur when participants' performance is influenced by their experience in the first condition
• What is an independent measures design?

  Participants are split into two groups, each doing one condition
• What is a matched pairs design?

  Participants are matched based on characteristics and each group does one condition
• What is a disadvantage of matched pairs design?

  It can be time-consuming and expensive to match participants
• What is the fatigue effect?

  It occurs when participants' performance deteriorates due to tiredness
• What is the practice effect?

  It occurs when participants improve due to familiarity with the task
• What is counterbalancing in repeated measures design?

  It reduces carryover effects by varying the order of conditions for participants
• What are participant variables?

  Differences among participants that can affect the results