Geography Paper 2 Flashcards

• What is the main focus of the paper two video overview?

  It covers human geography topics including urban issues, changing economic world, and resource management.
• What is urbanization?

  Urbanization is the process of more people moving into towns and cities.
• What significant statistic did the UN announce in 2007 regarding urban areas?

  More than 50 percent of the world's population lived in urban areas.
• What are the two main causes of urbanization mentioned?

  Rural to urban migration and natural increase.
• What are push factors in rural to urban migration?

  Push factors are conditions that make people want to leave a place, such as natural disasters or lack of employment.
• What are pull factors in rural to urban migration?

  Pull factors are conditions that attract people to a new place, such as better job opportunities and quality of life.
• What does natural increase refer to?

  Natural increase occurs when the birth rate exceeds the death rate.
• What factors can cause an increase in birth rate?

  Lack of contraception, a younger population, and higher numbers of people of childbearing age.
• What is a mega city?

  A mega city is an urban area with a population of over 10 million people.
• What percentage of current mega-cities are located in NES and LICs?

  More than two-thirds.
• What are brownfield sites?

  Brownfield sites are areas of land that have previously been developed.
• What is greenbelt land?

  Greenbelt land is an area of green land surrounding a town or city.
• What does regeneration mean in urban contexts?

  Regeneration is the investment in reviving an area, often through rebuilding.
• What are the four main ways to generate sustainable urban living?

  • Water conservation (e.g., collecting rainwater)
  • Energy conservation (e.g., using renewable energy)
  • Waste recycling (e.g., increasing recycling awareness)
  • Creating green space (e.g., urban greening)
• What is the purpose of tempo housing in Lagos?

  Tempo housing aims to cope with Lagos's rapidly rising population and improve quality of life.
• What are the benefits of tempo housing?

  Tempo housing is cheaper, can be built quickly, and provides essential facilities.
• What are the downsides of tempo housing?

  It can be expensive, may lead to a loss of community, and can be uncomfortable due to heat conduction.
• What are the three branches of problems created by traffic in urban areas?

  • Environmental problems (e.g., air pollution)
  • Economic problems (e.g., lateness to work)
  • Social problems (e.g., increased accident risk)
• What is the case study example of Curitiba known for?

  Curitiba is known for its articulated buses and waste management program called the green exchange.
• What is the significance of London in the UK?

  London is the UK's wealthiest and largest capital city, known for trade and education.
• What is gentrification, and how has it affected Notting Hill?

  Gentrification has led to rising house prices in Notting Hill, which was once a center of deprivation.
• What are the benefits and challenges of Crossrail in London?

  Crossrail brings more people within a short journey to London but out-prices first-time buyers.
• What was the Garden Bridge strategy in London?

  The Garden Bridge was a strategy for urban greening that was canceled due to high costs.
• What is the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)?

  The LDDC was established in 1981 to improve rundown docks through demolition and rebuilding.
• What are the criticisms of the London Docklands regeneration?

  Critics argue it outpriced local residents and led to a loss of community.
• What are the main challenges faced by Lagos?

  Lagos faces challenges such as pollution, inadequate housing, and high illiteracy rates.
• What is the significance of the demographic transition model?

  The demographic transition model illustrates a country's development across five stages.
• What are the three branches of development in the economic world?

  • Economic development (improving financial resources)
  • Social development (improving living standards)
  • Environmental development (sustainable practices)
• What are the three brackets used to group countries based on development?

  LICs, NEs, and HICs.
• What are economic indicators used to measure development?

  Economic indicators include employment type, GDP, and average income.
• What are social indicators used to measure development?

  Social indicators include mortality rates, literacy rates, and life expectancy.
• What does HDI stand for and what does it measure?

  HDI stands for Human Development Index and measures development using social and economic indicators.
• What are the five stages of the demographic transition model?

  Stage 1: High birth and death rates; Stage 2: High birth rate, declining death rate; Stage 3: Declining birth rate, low death rate; Stage 4: Low birth and death rates; Stage 5: Low birth rate, negative population growth.
• What does uneven development mean?

  Uneven development means that development is not the same everywhere and can vary due to various factors.
• What are physical factors that can affect uneven development?

  Physical factors include access to natural resources, climate, natural hazards, and location.
• What are human factors that can affect uneven development?

  Human factors include aid, trade, and infrastructure development.
• How can reliance on aid affect development?

  Reliance on aid can hinder the establishment of trade links and sustainable development.
• What are the two main types of factors that affect uneven development?

  Physical and human factors
• How does access to natural resources affect a country's development?

  It can significantly enhance development opportunities.
• What climate conditions can limit a country's development?

  Extreme climates can affect farming and tourism.