Kinetics

• What must happen for a reaction to occur according to collision theory?

  Particles must collide.
• How is the rate of reaction defined?

  Rate is the change in concentration or amount of a reactant or product per unit time.
• What is the formula for calculating the rate of reaction?

  Rate = amount of reactant used or product made / time
• Why do most collisions between particles not lead to a reaction?

  Most collisions do not have the correct orientation or sufficient energy.
• What is activation energy?

  It is the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur.
• How can activation energy be represented visually?

  Through an energy profile diagram showing the energy change from reactants to products.
• What does the activation energy represent on an energy profile diagram?

  It is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the peak of the reaction profile line.
• How does a low activation energy affect a reaction?

  It requires less energy to break bonds and initiate the reaction.
• What does the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution illustrate?

  It shows the energy distribution of gas particles.
• What does the peak of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution represent?

  The most likely energy of a particle in a sample.
• How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher temperatures increase the average kinetic energy of particles, leading to more frequent and energetic collisions.
• What happens to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve when temperature is increased?

  The curve shifts to the right, indicating more particles have energy greater than the activation energy.
• What is the effect of decreasing temperature on the rate of reaction?

  A smaller proportion of molecules will have energy greater than the activation energy, leading to a slower reaction rate.
• How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher concentration increases the number of particles in a given volume, leading to more frequent collisions.
• What role do catalysts play in chemical reactions?

  Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.
• What is an example of a catalyst mentioned in the video?

  Zeolite
• How does a catalyst affect the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve?

  It shifts the activation energy line to the left, increasing the area of particles with sufficient energy to react.
• What is one method to measure the rate of reaction involving a precipitate?

  Timing how long it takes for a precipitate to form and obscure a marked cross.
• What is a limitation of measuring the rate of reaction using the disappearing cross method?

  It can be difficult to determine exactly when the cross has disappeared, leading to errors.
• How can mass loss be used to measure the rate of reaction?

  By measuring the decrease in mass as gas is produced during the reaction.
• What equipment can be used to measure the volume of gas produced in a reaction?

  A gas syringe can be used to measure the volume of gas produced over time.
• What are the factors affecting the rate of reaction?

  • Temperature
  • Concentration
  • Pressure
  • Catalysts
• What is the relationship between temperature and reaction rate?

  • Higher temperature increases kinetic energy
  • More frequent and energetic collisions
  • Small increases in temperature lead to large increases in reaction rate
• How does concentration affect the likelihood of collisions?

  • Higher concentration means more particles in a given volume
  • Increased chance of collisions
  • Higher chance of reaction
• What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

  • Provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy
  • Increases the rate of reaction
  • Remains chemically unchanged after the reaction
• How can the rate of reaction be measured experimentally?

  • Timing the formation of a precipitate
  • Measuring mass loss for gas production
  • Measuring gas volume using a gas syringe