1700-1900 law enforcement 2

• What methods of local law enforcement were mentioned in the study material?

  Parish constables, watchmen, and part-time soldiers
• What was the role of parish constables?

  They dealt with petty criminals
• What was the role of watchmen in local law enforcement?

  They protected private property
• What was the role of part-time soldiers in local law enforcement?

  They dealt with riots
• How did the payment of salaries to constables and watchmen affect their professionalism?

  It made them more experienced and professional
• What was the status of constables and watchmen despite their increased professionalism?

  They had low pay and low status
• Who established the Bow Street Runners and when?

  Henry Fielding established them in 1748
• What was the role of thief takers in the Bow Street Runners?

  They were appointed as 'principal officers'
• Who took over the Bow Street Runners in 1754?

  John Fielding
• How did the Bow Street Runners get paid initially?

  They charged fees from victims of crime
• What significant change occurred for the Bow Street Runners by 1785?

  They were officially paid by the government
• What were some professional techniques used by the Bow Street Runners?

  Organizing regular patrols and sharing information
• What was the impact of the success of the Bow Street Runners?

  It led to more detective offices being set up
• What did the Middlesex Justice Act of 1792 accomplish?

  It set up further detective offices
• When was England's first professional police force established?

  In 1829
• What did the Metropolitan Police Act establish?

  England's first professional police force in London
• How many police divisions were established across London under the Metropolitan Police Act?

  Seventeen divisions
• What was the role of constables in the new police force?

  They patrolled their beats to catch criminals
• What distinctive clothing did the new policemen wear?

  Blue overcoats and top hats
• Why were policemen referred to as 'bobbies'?

  After the home secretary, Robert Peel
• What was the initial public perception of policing outside of London?

  Improvements were slow as policing was seen as too expensive
• What did the 1856 Police Act require?

  All areas had to have a professional police force
• What significant development occurred in 1869 regarding crime records?

  The first National Crime Records were set up
• How did telegraph communications impact police forces?

  It allowed different police forces to share information more effectively
• When was a regular detective branch established at Scotland Yard?

  In 1842
• What was the focus of the regular detective branch at Scotland Yard?

  Investigation of crimes rather than patrolling
• What clothing did the detectives at Scotland Yard wear?

  They wore plain clothes
• What accusation did some members of the public make against the detectives?

  They accused them of being spies for the government
• When was the Criminal Investigations Department (CID) established?

  In 1878
• How many detectives were employed by the CID at its establishment?

  200 detectives
• How many additional detectives were added to the CID in 1883?

  600 more detectives
• What new methods of detection did the CID try to implement?

  Identifying Jack the Ripper by handwriting and using fingerprint evidence
• When did the CID successfully use fingerprint evidence for the first time?

  In 1902
• What are the key developments in local law enforcement from the 18th to the 19th century?

  • Establishment of the Bow Street Runners in 1748
  • Formation of England's first professional police force in 1829
  • Creation of the Criminal Investigations Department (CID) in 1878
• What were the strengths and weaknesses of the early police forces in England?

  Strengths:

  • Professionalization of law enforcement
  • Establishment of organized crime fighting teams

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Low pay and status for officers
  • Slow improvements outside London