biology paper 2

• Why is homeostasis important for organisms?

  It regulates internal conditions for optimal enzyme activity and chemical reactions
• What are the three internal conditions that the body regulates?

  Blood glucose concentration, temperature, and water levels
• What are the components of the nervous system?

  The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• What does the CNS consist of?

  The brain and spinal cord
• How does a receptor detect a stimulus?

  It detects a change and sends an electrical signal through sensory neurons
• What is a reflex arc?

  A reflex arc is when a signal bypasses the brain and goes directly to the effector
• What is the role of glands in the body?

  Glands produce specific chemicals needed by the body
• How can you investigate reaction times?

  By dropping a ruler and measuring the distance it falls before being caught
• What are the three parts of the brain you need to know?

  The cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata
• What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

  It is responsible for higher-level functions like memory and problem-solving
• What does the cerebellum control?

  Motor skills, movement, balance, and coordination
• What does the medulla oblongata control?

  Unconscious actions like heart and breathing rates
• What is the purpose of MRI scans?

  To safely see the activity in the brain
• What is accommodation in the eye?

  It is the ability of the eye to change the shape of the lens to focus light
• What is the role of the adrenal glands?

  They produce adrenaline
• What is thermoregulation?

  It is the body's control of its internal temperature
• How does the body respond when it is too hot?

  Sweat glands produce sweat, and blood vessels dilate
• What happens when the body is too cold?

  Blood vessels constrict, and the body shivers
• What is the endocrine system?

  A system of glands that produce hormones traveling via the blood
• What is the main gland in the endocrine system?

  The pituitary gland
• What hormone does the pancreas produce?

  Insulin
• What does insulin do?

  It causes glucose to move from the blood into cells for respiration
• What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

  The pancreas produces glucagon
• What is type 1 diabetes?

  When the pancreas can't produce enough insulin
• What is type 2 diabetes?

  When cells no longer absorb glucose properly
• How does the body lose water?

  Through exhalation, sweating, and urination
• What is the role of the kidneys in water balance?

  They remove excess water from the blood and produce urine
• What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

  It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream
• What is negative feedback?

  It is when the body responds to return conditions to normal
• What happens if kidneys fail?

  Dialysis is required to filter the blood
• What hormone is involved in menstruation?

  Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
• What does FSH do in females?

  It causes an egg to mature in the ovary
• What hormone does the ovary produce after FSH?

  Estrogen
• What is the role of progesterone?

  It maintains the uterus lining
• What are some contraception methods?

  Pills, injections, implants, condoms, and IUDs
• What is IVF?

  In vitro fertilization, where eggs are fertilized in a lab
• What does adrenaline do in stressful situations?

  It increases heart and breathing rates
• What does thyroxin control?

  Metabolic rate
• What is the role of gibberellins in plants?

  They promote seed germination and flowering
• What does ethylene do in plants?

  It induces ripening of fruits