Campylobactor, Acrobactor Bacti

• What family do Campylobacter spp. belong to?

  Family Campylobacteraceae
• What is the shape of Campylobacter spp.?

  Curved rods

  
• What type of oxygen requirement do Campylobacter spp. have?

  Microaerophilic
• Why do Campylobacter spp. not stain well with gram stain?

  They are very small organisms

  
• What is a characteristic feature of Campylobacter spp. under a microscope?

  Curved seagull form

  
• What diseases are associated with Campylobacter spp.?

  Reproductive and enteric diseases
• Which Campylobacter species is primarily responsible for enteric disease in animals?

  1. jejuni

  
• How is enteric disease caused by Campylobacter spp. transmitted?

  Through ingestion

  
• What is the primary effect of Campylobacter spp. on the intestinal epithelium?

  It causes damage and induces hemorrhage

  
• What role do neutrophils and macrophages play in the pathogenesis of Campylobacter spp.?

  They are recruited, causing inflammation
• What is the nature of the diarrhea caused by Campylobacter spp. infections?

  Self-limiting, watery to bloody diarrhea
• What type of adhesins are produced by Campylobacter spp.?

  Various adhesins, including CadF
• What is the function of the capsule produced by Campylobacter spp.?

  Protection against the host immune system
• What does LOS stand for in the context of Campylobacter jejuni?

  Lipo-oligosaccharide
• Why are flagella important for Campylobacter spp. virulence?

  They facilitate movement through mucus
• What is the role of Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) produced by Campylobacter?

  It damages DNA and causes apoptosis
• What specimens are used for diagnosing enteric Campylobacter infections?

  Fecal samples, segments of intestine, or intestinal mucosal scrapings

  
• What is the purpose of using selective media like charcoal-cefoperazole-deoxycholate agar for Campylobacter?

  To isolate Campylobacter from fecal samples

  
• What is the incubation temperature for Campylobacter spp. in a microaerophilic environment?

  42 degrees Celsius
• What biochemical tests are used for identifying Campylobacter species?

  Catalase, Hippurate hydrolysis, nitrate reduction
• What is the treatment for Campylobacter infections?

  Typically self-limiting; antimicrobial susceptibility tests may be needed
• What is the primary reservoir for Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis?

  Preputial crypts

  
• How is Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis transmitted?

  Through coitus

  
• What is the effect of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis on the female reproductive cycle?

  Causes irregular estrus cycles and increased calving intervals

  
• What type of immunity develops in the uterus against Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis?

  IgA, IgG, IgM

  
• What is the purpose of using Waybridge’s medium for diagnosing Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis?

  To transport specimens

  
• What is the role of the fluorescent antibody test in diagnosing Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis?

  To detect the presence of the bacteria in direct smears

  
• What is the treatment for Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis infections?

  Vaccination and systemic administration of antibiotics

  
• What is the significance of artificial insemination in controlling Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis?

  It is effective in eliminating the infection

  
• What are the reservoirs for C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. jejuni?

  1. fetus subsp. fetus: intestinal tract and gall bladder of infected ruminants; C. jejuni: primarily the intestinal tract and gall bladder of carrier sheep
• What is the presumptive diagnosis for C. fetus subsp. fetus?

  Demonstrating curved rods with darting motility in bile
• What is the treatment for C. fetus subsp. fetus infections?

  Dihydrostreptomycin sulphate
• What is the significance of selective media for C. jejuni and C. lari?

  It is inhibitory to both species of C. fetus
• What antibiotics are effective for treating C. fetus subsp. fetus infections?

  Tetracycline, tilmicosin, erythromycin, tylosin, and florfenicol
• What is the primary reservoir for C. hepaticus?

  Chicken intestinal tract
• What is the pathogenesis of C. hepaticus?

  Not fully understood
• What is the diagnosis for avian vibrionic hepatitis?

  Presumptive diagnosis with curved rods and darting motility in bile
• What is the treatment for avian vibrionic hepatitis?

  Dihydrostreptomycin sulphate administered in food
• What family do Arcobacter species belong to?

  Family Campylobacteriaceae
• What diseases are associated with Arcobacter species?

  Diarrhea, abortion, and mastitis in animals