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Cards (105)
What are the main functions of the muscular system?
Movement
Maintain posture
Respiration
Production of body heat
Communication
Heartbeat
Contraction of organs
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What type of muscle is found in the heart?
Cardiac Muscle
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What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Striated,
involuntary
, and
nucleus
is central
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Where is smooth muscle found?
In the walls of
visceral organs
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What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Involuntary
,
striated
, and
nucleus
is central
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What type of muscle is associated with the skeletal system?
Skeletal Muscle
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What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Striated
,
voluntary
,
attached
to bones
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What are the abilities of skeletal muscles?
Contractility
: Ability to shorten
Excitability
: Respond to stimulus
Extensibility
: Can stretch
Elasticity
: Recoil
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What percentage of body weight do skeletal muscles make up?
40%
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What is the connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber called?
Endomysium
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What are the connective tissue coverings of skeletal muscle?
Epimysium
: Surrounds entire skeletal muscle
Perimysium
: Surrounds each muscle fasciculus
Endomysium
: Surrounds each muscle fiber
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What is the structure of a muscle fiber?
Myofibril
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What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Stores and releases Ca
2
+
^{2+}
2
+
for contractility
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What are the two types of filaments in skeletal muscle?
Actin
and
Myosin
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What is the role of troponin in muscle contraction?
It is the attachment site on actin for Ca
2
+
^{2+}
2
+
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What is the role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction?
It is a
filament
on grooves of actin that blocks
myosin binding sites
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What are the components of a sarcomere?
Z-disk
: Attachment site for actin
H zone
: Center of sarcomere with only myosin
I-band
: Contains only actin
A-band
: Where actin and myosin overlap
M line
: Where myosin are anchored
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What is the resting membrane potential inside a muscle cell?
Negative charge due to K
+
^{+}
+
ions
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Why is the inside of a cell negative if K
+
^{+}
+
is positive?

K
+
^{+}
+
can diffuse out freely while larger negative molecules cannot
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What happens during depolarization?
The
inside
of the cell becomes more positive and the outside more negative
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What are the steps of muscle contraction according to the sliding filament theory?
Action potential
travels down the motor neuron.
Ca
2
+
^{2+}
2
+
channels open, releasing
acetylcholine
.
Acetylcholine binds to Na
+
^{+}
+
channels, causing depolarization.
Na
+
^{+}
+
increases permeability of
sarcoplasmic reticulum
.
Ca
2
+
^{2+}
2
+
binds to
troponin
, exposing
myosin
binding sites.
Myosin heads bind to
actin
.
ATP
is released, causing myosin heads to bend.
Actin slides over myosin.
Acetylcholinesterase
breaks down acetylcholine, stopping contraction.
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What is the role of ATP in muscle contractions?
ATP supplies energy and helps form
cross-bridge formation
between
myosin
and
actin
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What happens to ATP during muscle contractions?
ATP is released as
ADP
+ P
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What is rigor mortis?
It occurs when no
ATP
is available to release muscle contraction after death
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What are the characteristics of slow twitch fibers?
Contract slowly
Fatigue slowly
Use
aerobic respiration
Energy from fat
Dark meat due to
myoglobin
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What are the characteristics of fast twitch fibers?
Contract quickly
Fatigue quickly
Use
anaerobic respiration
Found in
sprinters
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What type of respiration do slow twitch fibers use?
Aerobic respiration
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What type of respiration do fast twitch fibers use?
Anaerobic respiration
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Why are slow twitch fibers red or dark in color?
Due to the presence of
myoglobin
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What is the primary energy source for slow twitch fibers?
Fat
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What is the primary energy source for fast twitch fibers?
Glucose
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What is the main difference between slow and fast twitch fibers?
Slow twitch fibers
contract slowly and fatigue slowly, while fast twitch fibers contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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How do slow twitch fibers contribute to endurance activities?
They provide sustained energy through
aerobic respiration
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How do fast twitch fibers contribute to sprinting activities?
They provide quick bursts of energy through
anaerobic respiration
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What is the significance of myoglobin in muscle fibers?
Helps bind oxygen in muscle
Important for
aerobic respiration
Contributes to the red or dark color of
slow twitch fibers
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Compare the characteristics of slow twitch and fast twitch fibers.
Slow Twitch Fibers
:
Contract slowly
Fatigue slowly
Use
aerobic respiration
Dark meat due to
myoglobin
Fast Twitch Fibers
:
Contract quickly
Fatigue quickly
Use
anaerobic respiration
Light meat due to less myoglobin
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What is the role of bending forces in muscle contraction?
Bending forces cause
actin
to slide over
myosin
.
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What is the function of acetylcholinesterase in muscle contraction?
It breaks down acetylcholine, leading to the closure of
Na+
channels and stopping muscle contraction.
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What is the process of ATP production and its role in muscle contractions?
Energy for muscle contractions is supplied by ATP.
Energy is released as ATP converts to
ADP
+ P.
ATP is stored in
myosin
heads.
ATP is necessary for cross-bridge formation between myosin and
actin
.
New ATP must bind to myosin to release the cross-bridge.
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What happens to muscles after death due to lack of ATP?
Rigor mortis
occurs, causing muscles to harden.
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