the cognitive approach

• What is a similarity between a phone and a human brain?

  Both have inputs and outputs for processing information.
• How do the inputs of a phone compare to those of a human?

  A phone has a camera and microphone, while a human has eyes and ears.
• What is the physical component of a phone that processes information?

  The CPU (central processing unit).
• What is the role of the brain in comparison to a phone's CPU?

  The brain processes information similarly to how a CPU does in a phone.
• If you were asked to identify the YouTube part of a phone after smashing it, what would your response likely be?

  You would likely think it is an insane question because YouTube is a program, not a physical part.
• How do cognitive psychologists view the brain's functions?

  They explain it through internal mental processes similar to computer programs.
• What are the defining characteristics of cognitive psychology?

  • Behavior results from internal mental processes.
  • Research focuses on studying these processes.
  • Common areas of research include attention, perception, and memory.
• What is a common area of research for cognitive psychologists?

  Memory.
• Why do cognitive psychologists conduct highly controlled experiments?

  To ensure high internal validity in their research.
• What is a limitation of studying internal mental processes?

  They cannot be directly observed, requiring inferences.
• What is Miller's classic research study about?

  It discusses the capacity of short-term memory, which is about seven items plus or minus two.
• If a participant recalls between five and nine numbers in a memory test, what can be inferred?

  That the storage capacity of short-term memory is likely seven items plus or minus two.
• What is a schema?

  A schema is a mental framework built from previous experiences about a concept or object.
• How do schemas help us navigate the world?

  They allow us to quickly understand and categorize information.
• What is a disadvantage of relying on schemas?

  They can lead to inaccurate recall and biases in memory.
• How can leading questions affect eyewitness testimony?

  They can alter a person's memory of an event.
• Who conducted research on the effects of leading questions on memory recall?

  Loftus.
• What is the negative triad in cognitive psychology?

  It includes negative schemas about oneself, the world, and the future.
• What is the difference between a computer model and a theoretical model in cognitive psychology?

  A computer model compares the brain to a CPU, while a theoretical model describes mental processes in flowchart form.
• What is machine reductionism?

  It is the criticism that the human brain is more complex than a computer.
• What is the multi-store model of memory?

  It is a theoretical model showing how information passes through short-term and long-term memory.
• How does cognitive neuroscience relate to cognitive psychology?

  Cognitive neuroscience studies the neurological structures and processes related to mental functions.
• What technology allows researchers to observe brain activity during cognitive tasks?

  Brain scanning techniques like PET and fMRI scanners.
• What did Tan's case reveal about brain function?

  It confirmed that Broca's area is involved in speech production.
• What is a limitation of cognitive psychology's research methods?

  Many studies are highly artificial and may not generalize to real-life situations.
• How has the understanding of schemas influenced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

  CBT helps clients change negative schemas to improve their thinking patterns.
• What is soft determinism in cognitive psychology?

  It is the belief that behavior has biological and environmental causes, but individuals can make choices.
• What is the role of cognitive psychology in understanding memory disorders?

  It helps develop treatments for neurological language and memory disorders.
• How does cognitive psychology contribute to the understanding of eyewitness testimony?

  It informs juries about the limitations of memory recall influenced by schemas.
• What is the significance of the relationship between cognitive and biological processes?

  It allows for a deeper understanding of how mental processes are linked to brain function.
• What is the purpose of theoretical models in cognitive psychology?

  They create testable theories about mental processes.
• What is the main focus of cognitive neuroscience?

  To study the relationship between cognitive processes and brain structures.
• How do cognitive psychologists view the role of thought processes?

  They believe thought processes allow individuals to make final decisions and control behavior.
• How does cognitive psychology empower clients in therapy?

  It provides tools for clients to change their thinking patterns actively.
• What is the role of schemas in predicting future events?

  Schemas allow us to make predictions based on past experiences.
• What is the impact of faulty schemas on mental health?

  They can lead to issues such as depression and distorted thinking.
• How does cognitive psychology differ from behaviorism in terms of scientific approach?

  Cognitive psychology relies on inferences about internal processes, while behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors.
• What is the significance of the research conducted by cognitive psychologists?

  It provides insights into mental processes that cannot be studied by other approaches.
• What is the main advantage of using schemas?

  They allow us to process information quickly and efficiently.
• How do schemas function as mental shortcuts?

  They help us quickly categorize and respond to situations based on past experiences.