memory

• What does coding refer to in memory studies?

  Coding refers to the format or type of information stored in each memory store.
• How is coding different in short-term memory compared to long-term memory?

  Coding is acoustic in short-term memory and semantic in long-term memory.
• What did Baddeley (1966) demonstrate about memory recall?

  He found that more mistakes are made when recalling acoustically similar words immediately and semantically similar words after 20 minutes.
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

  The capacity of short-term memory is thought to be 7 +/- 2 items.
• How does chunking help with memory recall?

  Chunking helps us recall information by grouping items into manageable units, like remembering 7 days of the week.
• What was the mean letter span found by Jacobs?

  The mean letter span was 7.3.
• What is the duration of short-term memory?

  The duration of short-term memory is 18-30 seconds.
• What did Petersen et al (1969) find regarding short-term memory recall?

  They found that increasing retention intervals decreased the accuracy of recall of consonant syllables.
• What is the duration of long-term memory according to Bahrick et al (1975)?

  The duration of long-term memory is unlimited.
• What did Bahrick et al (1975) find about photo recognition over time?

  They found that photo recognition of classmates decreased from 90% to 70% between 15 and 46 years after graduating.
• What is a key issue with Jacobs' historical research on memory?

  The lack of standardization and appreciation of scientific methods may have influenced the accuracy of results.
• What is a strength of Bahrick et al's 1975 study?

  It used meaningful stimuli, which enhances ecological validity.
• What are the key issues with Petersen et al and Miller et al studies?

  They feature low mundane realism due to the use of artificial stimuli.
• What recent research suggests about Miller's capacity estimate for short-term memory?

  Recent research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory may be closer to 4 chunks instead of 5-9 items.
• What are the three stores in the multi-store model of memory (MSM)?

  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
• What is the capacity and duration of the sensory register?

  The sensory register has a huge capacity but a duration of less than half a second.
• How does information transfer from the sensory register to short-term memory?

  Information transfers from the sensory register to short-term memory when we pay attention to it.
• What is the encoding type for short-term memory?

  Short-term memory is described as being acoustically encoded.
• What is maintenance rehearsal in the context of short-term memory?

  Maintenance rehearsal is repeating new information to keep it in short-term memory.
• What is the encoding type for long-term memory?

  Long-term memory is described as being semantically encoded.
• What must occur for information to be remembered from long-term memory?

  Retrieval must occur to transfer information back into short-term memory.
• What are the different types of long-term memory proposed by Tulving et al?

  • Procedural memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory
• How does the multi-store model of memory (MSM) view long-term memory?

  The MSM views long-term memory as a single, unitary store.
• What is a limitation of the multi-store model regarding types of long-term memory?

  The MSM does not represent that some types of long-term memory can be retrieved unconsciously.
• What do Craik and Watkins (1973) suggest about rehearsal?

  They suggest that elaborative rehearsal is more important than prolonged rehearsal for transferring information to long-term memory.
• How does the MSM acknowledge differences between short-term and long-term memory?

  The MSM represents them as separate stores with different encoding types and durations.
• What did Shallice and Warrington find regarding the unitary store concept of short-term memory?

  They found that their amnesiac patient KF had poor recall for auditory stimuli but better recall for visual stimuli, suggesting multiple types of short-term memory.
• What are the three types of long-term memory and their characteristics?

  • Episodic memory: personal memories with details of events.
  • Semantic memory: knowledge of the world and concepts.
  • Procedural memory: skills and tasks learned unconsciously.
• What did Petersen et al. find about the neurological basis of memory types?

  They found that semantic memories are recalled from the left prefrontal cortex and episodic memories from the right prefrontal cortex.
• What practical application arises from understanding different types of long-term memory?

  Understanding episodic memory can lead to targeted treatments for mild cognitive impairments.
• What distinction did Cohen and Squire make regarding memories?

  They distinguished between declarative (consciously recalled) and non-declarative (unconsciously recalled) memories.
• How do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing support the idea of different types of long-term memory?

  They show that one type of long-term memory can be impaired while others remain unaffected.
• What are the components of the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  • Central executive
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer
• What is the role of the central executive in the Working Memory Model?

  The central executive allocates tasks to the slave systems and has a limited processing capacity.
• What does the phonological loop do in the Working Memory Model?

  The phonological loop processes auditory information and allows for maintenance rehearsal.
• What is the capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad according to Baddeley?

  The capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is around 4-5 chunks.
• What is the function of the episodic buffer in the Working Memory Model?

  The episodic buffer integrates all types of data processed by the other stores and links short-term memory to long-term memory.
• What is a limitation of the central executive in the Working Memory Model?

  The central executive has not been precisely defined, leading to doubts about its accuracy.
• What evidence supports the Working Memory Model from Shallice and Warrington's study of KF?

  KF had poor recall for auditory stimuli but better recall for visual stimuli, suggesting separate processing components.
• What do studies of dual-task performance suggest about the central executive?

  They suggest that the central executive has a limited processing capacity and that slave systems compete for resources.