relationships

• What does sexual selection explain about certain characteristics?

  It explains why seemingly disadvantageous characteristics are still passed on.
• How do aggressive behaviors in males relate to sexual selection?

  Aggressive behaviors increase the chance of protecting females from competing males.
• What does the term 'anisogamy' describe?

  Anisogamy describes the differences between male and female gametes.
• What are the two types of sexual selection?

  The two types are intra-sexual selection and inter-sexual selection.
• What is inter-sexual selection?

  Inter-sexual selection involves strategies used by each sex to attract the other.
• Why do females prefer inter-sexual selection?

  Females prefer it because they invest more energy into the development of ova.
• What is Fisher’s ‘sexy sons hypothesis’?

  It suggests that females choose attractive males to ensure attractive offspring.
• What does intra-sexual selection involve?

  Intra-sexual selection involves strategies used within sexes to attract mates.
• Why do males favor a 'quantity over quality' approach in mating?

  Males favor it because they produce sperm continuously with little energy investment.
• What is dimorphism in the context of sexual selection?

  Dimorphism refers to the physical differences between male and female sexes.
• What does the interactionist approach suggest about reproductive patterns?

  The interactionist approach suggests combining cultural and evolutionary influences.
• How have changing social norms affected women's partner selection?

  Women now place less emphasis on resource availability due to financial independence.
• What does Singh's research suggest about the hip to waist ratio?

  A hip to waist ratio of around 0.7 indicates female fertility and reproductive capability.
• What did Clark and Hatfield's research reveal about mate selection?

  They found that 75% of males would sleep with a stranger compared to 0% of females.
• What is self-disclosure in romantic relationships?

  Self-disclosure is the information we choose to reveal about ourselves.
• What is the aim of self-disclosure in relationships?

  The aim is to increase intimacy, understanding, and empathy between individuals.
• What does Altman and Taylor's social penetration theory propose?

  It suggests that self-disclosure allows deeper penetration into a partner's life, increasing intimacy.
• What analogy do Altman and Taylor use to illustrate self-disclosure?

  They use an onion analogy to represent layers of information being disclosed.
• What are the two elements of social penetration theory according to Reis and Shaver?

  The two elements are depth and breadth of self-disclosure.
• How does breadth affect depth in self-disclosure?

  High levels of breadth can result in low levels of depth due to many off-limit topics.
• What is the key to maintaining an intimate relationship according to self-disclosure theory?

  The key is a balance between depth and breadth of self-disclosure.
• What practical advantage does understanding self-disclosure provide?

  It supports therapies that focus on increasing intimacy and trust in relationships.
• What is a key methodological issue with correlational studies in relationship research?

  Causal conclusions cannot be made from correlational studies.
• What is the third variable problem in correlational studies?

  The third variable problem occurs when an unstudied variable affects both outcomes.
• What did Laurenceau et al's research find about self-disclosure?

  They found high levels of intimacy and trust correlated with high levels of self-disclosure.
• What physical traits are considered attractive from an evolutionary perspective?

  Traits like facial symmetry and child-like features are considered attractive.
• What does the halo effect suggest about attractive people?

  Attractive people are often associated with positive characteristics like trustworthiness.
• What is the Matching Hypothesis in relation to attraction?

  The Matching Hypothesis suggests balancing attractiveness with realistic chances of attaining a mate.
• How does physical attractiveness affect relationships after marriage?

  Physical attractiveness remains an important determinant of successful relationships even after marriage.
• How do individual differences affect the importance of physical attractiveness?

  Individual differences can lead to varying importance of physical attractiveness in relationships.
• What did Towhey's research find about attraction and physical attractiveness?

  Participants with low MAHCO scores were less likely to be attracted based on physical attractiveness.
• How does cultural relativism affect physical attractiveness?

  Cultural relativism has little effect on the features considered attractive across cultures.
• What is an important determinant of a successful relationship?

  Physical attractiveness
• How does the halo effect relate to physical attractiveness in early relationships?

  Its importance as a predictor varies depending on the individual
• Who suggested that physical attractiveness may not provide the same selection pressure for all individuals?

  Towhey (1979)
• What did Towhey find regarding participants with low scores on the MAHCO scale?

  They were less likely to be attracted based purely on physical attractiveness
• What does the halo effect suggest about perceptions of physically attractive individuals?

  They are often judged as more politically skilled and trustworthy
• What are the key features considered attractive across cultures according to Cunningham et al (1995)?

  • Large eyes
  • High eyebrows
  • Sharp cheekbones
• What did Wheeler and Kim (1997) demonstrate regarding attractiveness features?

  They are applicable across both Asian and Western male respondents
• What are the three filters in Kerkhoff and Davis's filter theory of attraction?

  Social demography, similarity in attitudes, and complementarity