CONFORMITY

• What are the three types of conformity?

  Internalisation, identification, and compliance
• What is meant by social influence?

  It is how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others
• What is conformity?

  Conformity is a form of social influence resulting from exposure to the majority position
• What is compliance in the context of conformity?

  Compliance involves publicly conforming while privately disagreeing
• How does compliance differ from internalisation?

  Compliance is shallow and temporary, while internalisation is deep and long-lasting
• What study provides evidence for compliance?

  Asch's (1951) study
• What is internalisation?

  Internalisation is when an individual changes both their mind and behavior due to group influence
• Which study demonstrates internalisation?

  Sherif's (1935) study using the autokinetic effect
• What is identification in the context of conformity?

  Identification is when an individual changes their views publicly to fit in with a group they want to be part of
• How did Zimbardo's study demonstrate identification?

  Both guards and prisoners admitted to acting against their will due to their assigned roles
• What is informational social influence?

  It is when individuals use others as a source of information to be correct
• What study demonstrates informational social influence?

  Sherif's (1935) study
• What is the autokinetic effect?

  It is an optical illusion where a stationary point of light appears to move in the dark
• What did Sherif's study reveal about group norms?

  Participants' estimates became similar after discussing with others, showing conformity to group norms
• What are the strengths of Sherif's study regarding informational social influence?

  It provides strong evidence for how individuals conform to group norms in ambiguous situations
• What is normative social influence?

  It is when individuals conform to fit in with the majority without accepting their point of view
• What study demonstrates normative social influence?

  Asch's (1956) study
• What were the procedures of Asch's study?

  Participants were asked to identify which of three lines matched a standard line, with confederates giving incorrect answers
• What percentage of participants conformed in Asch's study?

  36.8%
• Why did participants conform in Asch's study?

  They changed their public behavior to avoid disapproval from other group members
• What are the limitations of Asch's study regarding normative social influence?

  Self-report data may be unreliable and the task may lack significance
• What is the difference between normative and informational social influence?

  Normative social influence is about fitting in, while informational social influence is about being correct
• What are the key variables affecting conformity according to Asch's investigations?

  • Group size
  • Unanimity
  • Task difficulty
• What are the main explanations for conformity?

  • Informational social influence
  • Normative social influence
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Sherif's study on informational social influence?

  Strengths:

  • Strong evidence for ISI in ambiguous situations

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Task may be insignificant
  • Internal validity concerns
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Asch's study on normative social influence?

  Strengths:

  • Evidence for NSI in a controlled setting

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Self-report data may be unreliable
  • Task may lack significance
• What type of social influence is demonstrated when individuals change their public behavior to avoid disapproval from group members?

  Normative social influence
• Why might the self-report data collected by Asch be considered unreliable?

  It may have been affected by demand characteristics and researcher bias
• What does the term 'internal validity' refer to in the context of Asch's research methods?

  It refers to whether the observed effect can be attributed to the experimental manipulation
• What was the significance of the task used in Asch's study regarding its impact on conformity?

  The task of judging line lengths was insignificant, which may have led to higher conformity
• In what historical context was Asch's research conducted?

  During the era of McCarthyism in the 1950s
• What did Schulz et al. (2008) find regarding normative social influence and energy conservation?

  Hotel guests reduced towel use by 25% when exposed to normative messages
• What are the key characteristics of informational social influence?

  • Individuals use others as a source of information
  • Desire to be correct
  • Often leads to internalization (public and private attitude change)
  • Results in a deep, permanent change in beliefs
• What phenomenon did Sherif investigate in his 1935 study?

  The autokinetic effect
• What was the outcome of Sherif's study regarding group norms?

  Participants' estimates became similar after discussing with others
• What issue arises from the task used in Sherif's study regarding its significance?

  The task was insignificant, which may affect the validity of conformity conclusions
• What are the key characteristics of normative social influence?

  • Individuals conform to fit in with the majority
  • Public agreement without private attitude change
  • Desire to avoid rejection or stand out
  • Results in a shallow, impermanent change in behavior
• What was the main finding of Asch's 1956 study on conformity?

  36.8% of responses were incorrect due to conformity
• What did Asch discover about participants' private beliefs after conforming?

  Most participants continued to trust their own perceptions privately
• How did the presence of a dissenting confederate affect conformity rates in Asch's study?

  Conformity dropped drastically to 5.5% with a dissenting confederate