Haloalkanes

• What is the first step in naming halogenated alkanes?

  Find the longest carbon chain
• How should the positions of halogens be indicated in the name of halogenated alkanes?

  Using numbers and prefixes in alphabetical order
• What prefixes are used for halogens in naming halogenated alkanes?

  Fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
• What happens to the boiling points of halogenated alkanes as you go down the group?

  The boiling points increase
• What governs the boiling points of halogenated alkanes?

  The strength of intermolecular forces
• Why do halogenated alkanes have polar bonds?

  Because halogens are electronegative and pull electrons towards themselves
• What is a nucleophile?

  A substance that donates an electron pair
• Which examples of nucleophiles are mentioned in the video?

  Cyanide, ammonia, and hydroxide
• What is the mechanism called when halogenated alkanes react with hydroxide ions?

  Nucleophilic substitution
• What conditions are required for the reaction of halogenated alkanes with hydroxide ions?

  Warm aqueous sodium hydroxide
• What is the role of the Liebig condenser in the reaction process?

  To prevent volatile substances from escaping during heating
• What happens to the carbon atom during nucleophilic substitution with hydroxide ions?

  The carbon forms a new bond with hydroxide and breaks the carbon-halogen bond
• What is the overall reaction when a halogenated alkane reacts with sodium hydroxide?

  It forms an alcohol and a sodium halide
• What is produced when halogenated alkanes react with cyanide ions?

  A nitrile
• What conditions are required for the reaction of halogenated alkanes with cyanide ions?

  Warm ethanolic potassium cyanide
• What is the significance of using excess ammonia in the reaction with halogenated alkanes?

  To stabilize the intermediate product formed during the reaction
• What is formed when ammonia reacts with a halogenated alkane?

  An amine and ammonium ion
• How can you identify an amine produced from the reaction of halogenated alkanes with ammonia?

  By its distinct fishy smell
• What is the role of the lone pair on nitrogen in ammonia?

  It acts as a base and accepts a proton.
• How does ammonia stabilize nitrogen during the reaction?

  The electrons shuffle into nitrogen to stabilize it.
• What is a distinguishing feature of amines?

  They have a fishy smell.
• What is the formula for ammonium ion?

  NH₄⁺
• What is the overall reaction when ammonia reacts with an alkene?

  Alkene + ammonia → amine + ammonium salt.
• How does the reactivity of halogenated alkenes change down the group?

  They become more reactive as we go down the group.
• What determines the reactivity of carbon-halogen bonds?

  Bond strength or bond enthalpy determines the reactivity.
• Which carbon-halogen bond has the lowest bond enthalpy?

  The C-I bond has the lowest bond enthalpy.
• What happens during the reaction of halogenated alkenes with hydroxide ions in ethanol?

  It undergoes elimination to form an alkene.
• How does the solvent affect the reaction of halogenated alkenes with hydroxide ions?

  The solvent determines whether the reaction is elimination or substitution.
• What is the role of hydroxide ions in the reaction with halogenated alkenes in ethanol?

  They act as a base and accept a proton.
• What is the product of the elimination reaction of a halogenated alkane in ethanol?

  An alkene is produced.
• What happens when hydroxide ions react with halogenated alkanes in water?

  They undergo substitution to form an alcohol.
• What are CFCs?

  Chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigerants and propellants.
• Why are CFCs harmful to the ozone layer?

  They break down ozone in the atmosphere.
• What happens to CFCs when exposed to UV radiation?

  The carbon-chlorine bond breaks, forming radicals.
• How do chlorine radicals contribute to ozone depletion?

  They catalyze the breakdown of ozone into oxygen.
• What is the initiation step in the breakdown of ozone by CFCs?

  UV radiation breaks the carbon-chlorine bond, forming radicals.
• What is the propagation step in the reaction of chlorine radicals with ozone?

  Chlorine radicals react with ozone to form oxygen and chlorine monoxide.
• What is the termination step in radical reactions?

  Two radicals react together to form a stable molecule.
• Why are CFCs now banned?

  They were found to damage the ozone layer.
• What alternatives are used instead of CFCs?

  Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrocarbons.