social influence

• What is conformity defined as?

  Conformity is defined as yielding to group pressures.
• How is conformity characterized in terms of behavior or opinion change?

  It is a change in behavior or opinion due to real or imagined pressure from a person or group.
• What is the difference between real and imagined pressure in conformity?

  Real pressure involves consequences for not conforming, while imagined pressure does not.
• Who proposed the three types of conformity?

  Kelman proposed the three types of conformity.
• What is internalisation in terms of conformity?

  Internalisation is making the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behavior of the group your own.
• Why is internalisation considered the strongest type of conformity?

  Because it results in a permanent change of view.
• What is identification in terms of conformity?

  Identification is a temporary change of behavior and beliefs only in the presence of a group.
• How does compliance differ from internalisation and identification?

  Compliance involves publicly agreeing while privately disagreeing, and is the weakest form of conformity.
• What is informational social influence?

  It is when someone conforms because they want to be right and look to others for information.
• What is an example of informational social influence?

  A person following the direction of the crowd in an emergency situation.
• What did Fein et al. demonstrate regarding informational social influence?

  They showed that participants changed their vote after seeing others vote for a different candidate.
• What is normative social influence?

  It is when someone conforms to be liked and accepted by a group.
• What is an example of normative social influence?


  A person starting to smoke because their friends smoke.
• How does Garandeau and Cillissen's research relate to normative social influence?

  It shows that a bully can manipulate a boy into victimizing another child to fit in with friends.
• What did Lucas et al. find regarding conformity and task difficulty?

  Conformity increased when the task was more difficult and participants rated their math ability unfavorably.
• What does Deutsch and Gerrard's 'Two Process Model' suggest about NSI and ISI?

  It suggests that NSI and ISI are complementary rather than mutually exclusive mechanisms.
• What was the aim of Asch's study?

  To investigate conformity and majority influence.
• How many participants were involved in Asch's study?

  123 male American undergraduates.
• What was the procedure of Asch's study?

  Participants were presented with four lines and asked to identify which was the same length as a standard line.
• What percentage of participants conformed in Asch's study?

  36.8% conformed.
• What was the control trial result in Asch's study?

  Only 1% of responses were incorrect, indicating valid conclusions.
• How does group size affect conformity according to Asch's findings?

  Conformity increases with group size, particularly when the group has more than three members.
• What is the optimal group size for conformity?

  The optimal group size is considered to be four members.
• How does unanimity affect conformity?

  Conformity is higher when the group is unanimous in their answers.
• What happens to conformity when a participant is joined by a confederate giving the correct answer?

  Conformity fell from 32% to 5.5% when joined by a correct-answer confederate.
• How does task difficulty influence conformity?

  Conformity increases when the task is more difficult.
• What does the evaluation of Asch's study suggest about its internal validity?

  It has high internal validity due to strict control over extraneous variables.
• What ethical issues were raised in Asch's study?

  There were issues of deception and lack of informed consent.
• What did participants report regarding normative social influence in Asch's study?

  Participants reported conforming to fit in with the group despite privately disagreeing.
• What is a weakness of Asch's study regarding ecological validity?

  It lacks ecological validity as it does not reflect real-life conformity complexities.
• What is a weakness of Asch's study regarding population validity?

  It lacks population validity due to being based solely on American male undergraduates.
• What did Perrin and Spencer criticize about Asch's study?

  They criticized it for lacking temporal validity due to the social context of the 1950s.
• What was the aim of Zimbardo's study?

  To investigate how readily people would conform to social roles in a simulated environment.
• How many participants were involved in Zimbardo's study?

  24 American male undergraduate students.
• What roles were assigned to participants in Zimbardo's study?

  Participants were randomly assigned to be either guards or prisoners.
• What was the procedure of Zimbardo's study?

  The basement of Stanford University was converted into a simulated prison where participants played their assigned roles.
• How did guards behave in Zimbardo's study?

  Guards began to harass and torment prisoners, enjoying their power and control.
• What behavior did prisoners exhibit in Zimbardo's study?

  Prisoners became submissive and would snitch on each other to please the guards.
• What does Zimbardo's study suggest about social roles?

  Social roles can be rapidly internalized, leading to significant changes in behavior.
• What are the strengths of Zimbardo's study regarding real-life applications?

  It changed how US prisons are run to prevent negative behaviors from being perpetuated.