approaches in psychology

• Who suggested the concept of dualism in the 17th century?

  Descartes
• What does Descartes' dualism suggest about the mind and body?

  They interact in different ways to produce different behaviors and thoughts
• What is the definition of psychology according to the IB?

  Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how these are affected by internal and external factors
• How is science defined in the study material?

  Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence
• What are the features of science?

  • A universal paradigm
  • Theory construction
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Deduction
  • Falsification
  • Replicability
  • Objectivity
  • Empirical method
• In what year did Wundt set up his first laboratory?

  1879
• What is introspection?

  Introspection is a means of learning about one’s own currently ongoing mental states or processes
• What are the three conditions of introspection?

  The mentality condition, the first-person condition, and the temporal proximity condition
• What process did Wundt use to isolate conscious thoughts?

  Structuralism
• How did Wundt ensure reliable data in his experiments?

  By using the same stimulus each time under standardized conditions
• Who disagreed with the subjective nature of introspection?

  Skinner
• What is radical behaviorism according to Skinner?

  It is the idea that private events could be measured and quantified in the same way as observable behavior
• What method did Skinner use for his research?

  The laboratory experiment method
• What does operant conditioning focus on?

  How behavior is acquired and maintained based on its consequences
• What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

  Classical conditioning involves associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning involves consequences of behavior
• What are the stages of classical conditioning?

  1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces unconditioned response (UCR)
  2. Neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with UCS
  3. NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS)
  4. CS produces conditioned response (CR)
• What did Pavlov demonstrate with his experiment?

  That dogs could be conditioned to salivate upon hearing a bell
• What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

  The conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to the disappearance of the conditioned response
• What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

  It occurs when the individual carries out the conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred
• What is generalization in classical conditioning?

  It occurs when slight changes in the conditioned stimulus still produce the same conditioned response
• What are the two types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
• What is positive reinforcement?

  It occurs when a behavior is performed to receive a reward
• What is negative reinforcement?

  It occurs when a behavior is performed to avoid negative consequences
• What did Skinner demonstrate with his box experiment?

  He demonstrated the mechanisms of positive and negative reinforcement

  
• What are the potential applications of classical conditioning in psychology?

  • Understanding phobias (e.g., Little Albert)
  • Discussing extinction of conditioned responses
  • Generalization of phobias to similar stimuli
• What are the potential applications of operant conditioning?

  • Development of therapies for mental disorders
  • Use of token economies in behavior modification
  • Understanding reinforcement in learning environments
• What is environmental determinism in the behaviorist approach?

  It sees all behavior as the product of past reinforcement contingencies, leaving no room for free will
• What ethical concerns are raised by Skinner's box experiments?

  It caused physical harm to the rats, breaching ethical guidelines
• What ethical concerns are raised by Watson and Rayner's experiments on Little Albert?

  They failed to protect him from psychological harm and did not offer him the opportunity to withdraw
• What are the strengths of the behaviorist approach?

  • Scientific rigor with reliable data
  • Real-life applications in therapy
• What are the weaknesses of the behaviorist approach?

  • Environmental determinism limits understanding of human behavior
  • Ethical concerns regarding animal and human research
• What does social learning theory (SLT) suggest about learning?

  Learning occurs both directly and indirectly through vicarious reinforcement
• What is a role model in social learning theory?

  A person with whom the observer identifies and aspires to be like
• What is identification in social learning theory?

  It is the process by which an observer relates to a role model
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  It occurs when an observer sees their role model being rewarded for a behavior
• What are the mediational processes in social learning theory?

  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor reproduction
  4. Motivation
• What was the focus of Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  To test the effects of aggressive role models on children's behavior
• What did Bandura's study find regarding children who observed aggressive role models?

  They behaved more aggressively towards the Bobo doll
• What are some criticisms of Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?

  It may lack internal validity and mundane realism due to the nature of the Bobo doll
• How does social learning theory acknowledge human cognition?

  It recognizes the role of mediational processes in understanding behavior