gender

• What is the biological term that describes being male or female?

  Sex
• How do sex chromosomes differ between males and females?

  Males have XY chromosomes, while females have XX chromosomes
• What does gender refer to in contrast to sex?

  Gender is a social construct that allows individuals to identify as feminine or masculine
• Can individuals choose their sex or gender?

  Individuals cannot choose their sex, but they can choose their gender
• What is gender-identity disorder?

  It occurs when a person's sex does not align with their gender identity
• What might individuals with gender-identity disorder identify as?

  They may identify as transgender
• What is the purpose of gender transitioning?

  To change a person's sexual identity by altering reproductive organs and hormone levels
• What are sex-role stereotypes?

  Expectations and perceptions about appropriate behavior for each sex
• How do sex-role stereotypes affect women's job opportunities?

  They can lead to discrimination, denying women well-paid but stressful jobs
• What does androgyny refer to?

  A balance of both masculine and feminine characteristics
• How can androgyny be viewed?

  From both personality and appearance perspectives
• Who developed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)?

  Bem
• What does the BSRI measure?

  It measures personality across dimensions of androgyny and masculinity/femininity
• What is a major methodological issue with the BSRI?

  It is a self-report measure, making it subjective
• What evidence supports the reliability of the BSRI?

  A pilot study showed high agreement between classifications and self-perceptions
• What alternative to the BSRI is suggested by Golombok and Fivush?

  The Personal Attribute Questionnaire (PAQ)
• What do chromosomes contain?

  Genes that code for proteins and hormones
• What is the genotype for females?

  XX
• What role does the Y chromosome play in fetal development?

  It signals the fetus to develop as male through the SRY gene
• What hormone is produced due to the activation of the SRY gene?

  Androgens
• How does testosterone affect male behavior?

  It is associated with increased levels of aggression
• What evolutionary purpose does aggression serve in males?

  It helps protect females and increases the likelihood of gene survival
• What happens to male animals after castration in studies?

  They become calmer and less aggressive
• What is the female sex hormone?

  Estrogen
• What does oxytocin promote?

  Feelings of intimacy and closeness
• How does oxytocin relate to gender stereotypes?

  Higher levels in women may contribute to the stereotype of being more caring
• What is the evolutionary advantage of oxytocin during childbirth?

  It helps the mother bond with her baby and recover from childbirth
• What did Dabbs et al (1995) find regarding testosterone levels?

  High levels were associated with aggressive or sexually abusive crimes
• What is biological determinism in the context of gender?

  It oversimplifies gender by attributing it solely to biological factors
• How does social learning theory relate to gender roles?

  It suggests that society encourages individuals to imitate strong masculine or feminine role models
• What is the criticism of using biology to explain gender differences?

  It may justify discriminatory practices based on gender
• What is Klinefelter’s Syndrome characterized by?

  The genotype XXY

  
• What are the physical characteristics of individuals with Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

  They may develop female-like characteristics such as gynecomastia
• What cognitive symptoms are associated with Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

  Individuals generally achieve poorer than average scores on visuo-spatial and reading skills
• What is Turner’s Syndrome characterized by?

  An absence of two copies of the X sex chromosome (genotype X0)
• What are the physical characteristics of individuals with Turner’s Syndrome?

  They may develop male-like characteristics such as broad shoulders
• What cognitive strengths are associated with Turner’s Syndrome?

  Individuals may display significantly advanced reading skills
• What are the key differences between Klinefelter’s and Turner’s Syndromes?

  They differ in who they affect, symptoms produced, and chromosome numbers
• How do social influences affect individuals with Klinefelter’s and Turner’s Syndromes?

  They can determine the development of symptoms based on treatment by others
• What is the issue with defining atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  It is subjective and based on what is considered 'typical'