schizophrenia

• What is schizophrenia defined as?

  A psychotic disorder marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviours.
• What types of symptoms do sufferers of schizophrenia experience?

  They may experience either positive or negative symptoms.
• How do positive symptoms differ from negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

  Positive symptoms enhance typical experiences, while negative symptoms represent a loss of experience.
• What are examples of positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

  Hallucinations and delusions.
• What characterizes hallucinations in schizophrenia?

  They are a distorted view of real stimuli or perceptions of stimuli with no basis in reality.
• What is a common cause of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia?

  An excess of dopamine receptors in Broca’s area.
• What are delusions in the context of schizophrenia?

  Beliefs with no basis in reality, such as paranoia about being stalked.
• What are some types of delusions experienced by schizophrenic patients?

  Persecutory, delusions of grandeur, delusional jealousy, erotomania, and somatic delusions.
• What is speech poverty in schizophrenia?

  An abnormally low level of the frequency and quality of speech.
• What is avolition in schizophrenia?

  A subjective reduction in interests, desires, and goals, leading to a lack of motivation.
• What are the two classification systems for mental disorders mentioned?

  The DSM-V and the ICD-10.
• How do the DSM-V and ICD-10 differ in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  The DSM-V requires more specific criteria, while the ICD-10 takes a broader approach.
• What is a key difference between the DSM and ICD in terms of organization?

  The DSM is produced by the American Psychiatric Association, while the ICD is produced by the WHO.
• What are the subtypes of schizophrenia mentioned?

  Positive schizophrenia and mixed schizophrenia.
• What does co-morbidity refer to in the context of schizophrenia?

  The high frequency of diagnosis of two disorders together.
• What percentage of schizophrenia patients suffered from PTSD according to Buckley et al (2009)?

  29%
• What does the research by Cotton et al (2009) suggest about gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Gender bias may lead to inaccurate diagnoses due to dispositional traits in women.
• How does cultural bias affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  Different cultural perceptions of symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis.
• What evidence suggests a genetic basis for schizophrenia?

  Gottesman (1991) found a positive correlation between genetic similarity and risk of developing schizophrenia.
• What are the concordance rates for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins?

  48%
• What does the term 'candidate genes' refer to in schizophrenia?

  Genetic variations that marginally increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.
• What does the original dopamine hypothesis suggest?

  Hyperdopaminergia in the subcortex is responsible for schizophrenia.
• What is the modern understanding of dopamine's role in schizophrenia?

  Both hyper- and hypodopaminergia in different brain areas contribute to schizophrenia.
• How does hyperdopaminergia in Broca's area relate to schizophrenia symptoms?

  It may be responsible for the positive symptom of auditory hallucinations.
• What negative symptoms may be linked to hypodopaminergia in the prefrontal cortex?

  Speech poverty and avolition.
• What are neural correlates in the context of schizophrenia?

  Specific patterns of cortical activity or structures that coincide with psychological symptoms.
• What did Juckel et al (2006) find regarding the ventral striatum and avolition?

  Low activation levels in the ventral striatum may be associated with the negative symptom of avolition.
• What did Allen et al (2007) conclude about auditory verbal hallucinations?

  They are associated with functional abnormalities in the anterior cingulate and left temporal cortex.
• What did Brown et al (2002) find regarding the age of fathers and schizophrenia risk?

  The risk of having offspring with schizophrenia increases if the father is over 50 years old.
• How is the evidence for the dopamine hypothesis described?

  It is best described as 'mixed'.
• What do antipsychotics do in relation to the dopamine hypothesis?

  They act as dopamine antagonists, reducing dopamine activity and alleviating symptoms of schizophrenia.
• What criticism do Moghaddam and Javitt (2012) have regarding the dopamine hypothesis?

  They argue that the hypothesis emphasizes the role of dopamine too much.
• What is the title of the chapter authored by Haber in the book edited by Gottfried?

  Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum
• What is the main neurotransmitter implicated in the development of schizophrenia according to the dopamine hypothesis?

  Dopamine
• What do researchers like Moghaddam and Javitt (2012) criticize about the dopamine hypothesis?

  They argue that it emphasizes the role of dopamine too much.
• How does Clozapine differ from other atypical antipsychotics in its mechanism of action?

  Clozapine acts on both glutamate and serotonin receptors.
• What is a major limitation of using neural correlates to explain schizophrenia?

  Correlational evidence does not establish cause and effect relationships.
• What are the three psychological explanations for the development of schizophrenia?

  • Abnormal family communication styles (schizophrenogenic mother)
  • Mixed messages (double-bind theory)
  • High levels of expressed emotion
• Who proposed the concept of the schizophrenogenic mother?

  Fromm-Reichmann
• What does double-bind theory suggest about family communication?

  Children receive mixed messages from parents, leading to confusion.