WK5 L9: Word Recognition I

• What is the process of identifying individual words in speech called?

  Spoken word recognition
• What is the first theoretical perspective discussed regarding spoken word recognition?

  The Cohort Model
• What does spoken word recognition involve after identifying phonemes?

  Accessing information about a word stored in memory
• How does the process of spoken word recognition resemble looking up a word in a dictionary?

  It narrows down possible words based on phonemes
• What are the main components of the Cohort Model?

  • Access
  • Selection
  • Integration
• What is the term for the initial group of words activated when hearing the beginning of a word?

  Word initial cohort
• What happens to the cohort as more phonological information is received?

  Subsequent information eliminates candidates from the cohort
• What is the uniqueness point (UP) in word recognition?

  The point at which a word becomes uniquely identifiable from its initial sound sequence
• How did Taft and Hambly (1986) test the contribution of UP to word recognition?

  By conducting an auditory lexical decision task
• What was found regarding response times for words with non-final UP compared to final-syllable UP?

  Words with a non-final UP had shorter response times
• What is the deviation point in lexical decision tasks?

  The point at which the cohort is reduced to 0 for non-words
• What happens if the cohort is not 0 at the end of a non-word?

  It is not classified as a non-word
• How do early deviation points affect response times compared to late deviation points?

  Non-words with early deviation points have shorter response times
• What does the selection process in the Cohort Model involve?

  Deciding when there is only one possible word left
• How does context influence the selection process in word recognition?

  It helps narrow down the list of candidate words
• What did Pickett and Pollack's experiments demonstrate about context in speech?

  Listeners use context to help identify words
• What was the outcome of Marslen-Wilson & Tyler's (1980) study regarding context and response times?

  Participants responded faster in normal contexts compared to random contexts
• How do speakers adjust their speech based on contextual constraints?

  They pronounce words more clearly in low constraint contexts
• What did Lieberman's (1963) study reveal about speaker pronunciation?

  Speakers pronounced words differently based on predictability
• What is phoneme restoration as demonstrated by Warren (1970)?

  People "hear" a missing phoneme if it is predictable from context
• What did Cole's (1973) study on phoneme updating reveal?

  Listeners adjust to minor mispronunciations most of the time
• What was the main finding of Marslen-Wilson & Welsh's (1978) shadowing task?

  Participants often restored the speech when mispronunciations occurred
• How does the Cohort Model explain the restoration of speech?

  Restoration occurs when enough perceptual input and context are available
• What does the McGurk effect demonstrate about speech perception?

  Listeners incorporate visual context into speech perception
• What did McGurk & MacDonald (1976) manipulate in their study?

  The audio and visual components of syllable presentations
• What was the result when participants viewed the ga video with the ba soundtrack?

  They mostly reported hearing "da"
• How does the visual context of the ba video affect perception?

  It makes it harder to integrate with other possible sounds
• What are the key takeaways from the study on spoken word recognition?

  • The Cohort Model describes how sounds help identify words.
  • Context is crucial for word recognition.
  • The McGurk effect highlights the role of visual information.