immune systems

• What is the main function of the immune system?

  To protect against pathogens
• What does the nonspecific defense system do?

  Stops pathogens from entering the body
• What happens when the skin is damaged?

  Pathogens can invade the body
• How do pathogens affect healthy tissue?

  They multiply and release toxins
• What are the two main functions of the immune system?

  Destroys pathogens and protects against future infections
• What role do white blood cells play in the immune system?

  They destroy pathogens and toxins
• What is the process called when white blood cells ingest pathogens?

  Phagocytosis
• How do white blood cells destroy pathogens?

  By using enzymes after ingestion
• What are antibodies?

  Protein molecules produced by white blood cells
• How do antibodies function against pathogens?

  They stick to pathogens and trigger destruction
• Why are antibodies considered specific?

  They protect against only one type of pathogen
• How long can antibodies remain in the blood?

  For a long time
• What are antitoxins?

  Chemicals produced by white blood cells
• What do antitoxins do?

  They prevent toxins from damaging cells
• What are the key functions of white blood cells in the immune system?

  • Ingest and destroy pathogens (phagocytosis)
  • Produce antibodies specific to pathogens
  • Produce antitoxins to neutralize toxins
• What happens during phagocytosis?

  1. White blood cell detects pathogen chemicals
  2. White blood cell moves towards the pathogen
  3. White blood cell ingests the pathogen
  4. Enzymes destroy the ingested pathogen
• How do antibodies provide immunity?

  • Antibodies are specific to pathogens
  • They remain in the blood for long-term protection
  • They trigger destruction of pathogens upon re-exposure
• What is the relationship between toxins and antitoxins?

  • Toxins are harmful chemicals released by pathogens
  • Antitoxins are produced by white blood cells
  • Antitoxins neutralize toxins to protect cells