Unit 5 AP Gov

• 15th amendment- Recognized the right of black men to vote
• 17th Amendment- Granted the people the right to vote senators into office
• 19th Amendment- Recognized women's right to vote
• 24th Amendment- Abolished poll taxes which were used to suppress the minority vote
• 26th Amendment- Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
• Rational Choice Voting - Person votes based on their individual self-interest
• Retrospective Voting - Person votes based on the recent past track record of the politician in question
• Prospective Voting - Person votes based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the future
• Party-Line Voting- Person votes for all the candidates of the voter's party
• STRUCTURAL BARRIER- A policy or law that can prevent people

  from voting or encourage people to vote
• Republicans favor voter id laws
• POLITICAL EFFICACY- A citizen's belief about whether their vote matters
• demographics- age, income, education, and race can influence an individual's likelihood to vote
• Type of election- presidential elections generally get higher participation compared to midterm elections due to increased media attention
• Party identification/ideological orientation- Individuals often align with a particular political party based on shared values, beliefs, 

  and policy positions, influencing their vote for candidates who embody these affiliations
• Candidate characteristics- character of candidate plays role in voter turnout
• LINKAGE INSTITUTION- Societal structure that connects people

  to their government (political parties, media, interest groups, elections)
• Party platforms- outline the party's policy priorities and goals

  provide a framework for governance once candidates are elected
• Interest groups- A group of people who gather around a policy issue in order to persuade policy makers to pass legislation

  favorable to the group
• incumbency advantage- often provides benefits to current 

  officeholders, giving them name recognition and access to resources
• open primaries- Any registered voter can vote in either party's primary, but not both
• closed primaries- Only people registered with the party can vote in those primaries
• Party conventions- formalize candidate nominations and platforms, 

  leading up to the general elections where the public casts their votes
• modern campaigns require professional consultants to run them
• agenda setting- is a process where various forms of media, including traditional news outlets, new communication technologies, and social media platforms
• Political participation- is significantly shaped by the extensive 

  media coverage, analyses, and commentary on political events