Representation

• What is representation in the context of politics in the USA?


  Representation refers to how various groups are included and reflected in political institutions like Congress.
• What are underrepresented groups in the USA?


  Groups that lack proportional representation in political or social institutions, such as women, Hispanics, and Black people
• Why are women considered an underrepresented group in the USA?


  Women face challenges entering Congress, a male-dominated field, which can be intimidating. For example, in 2018, only 24% of Congress members were female
• Why are Hispanics considered an underrepresented group in the USA?

  Hispanics face significant discrimination. In 2018, they made up 18% of the population but only held 6% of Congressional seats.
• Why are Black people considered an underrepresented group in the USA?


  Some white voters may feel threatened by Black candidates, affecting their election chances. Only one Black president, Barack Obama, has been elected in U.S. history.
• What is a reason for the underrepresentation of women in politics?

  Politics is a male-dominated field, making it intimidating for women, who may feel discouraged from running. Men made up 73% of Congress in 2021
• What is the incumbency effect and how does it affect underrepresentation?


  The incumbency effect makes it easier for already-elected officials to stay in office due to taxpayer-funded benefits, favoring those already in power, like white or male candidates
• How does racism contribute to the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities?


  Ethnic minorities may face prejudice from some white voters, making it harder to win elections. Evidence of this is Barack Obama is the only non-white president in U.S. history.
• Why are men overrepresented in politics?

  Due to sexism and the traditional male involvement in politics, resulting in no female president in U.S. history
• Why are white people overrepresented in U.S. politics?


  Historically, white people have held dominant positions, while other races were marginalized or enslaved, leading to more white representatives
• Why are upper -class individuals overrepresented in U.S. politics?


  Wealthier individuals can afford costly campaigns, and as of 2020, over half of Congress members were millionaires
• How does financial pressure contribute to underrepresentation in U.S. politics?

  Campaigns require substantial funding, making it easier for wealthy candidates to run and win, leading to overrepresentation of higher-class individuals in Congress
• What impact does the historical lack of diversity in Congress have on underrepresented groups?

  It reinforces a lack of role models and discourages individuals from underrepresented groups, like ethnic minorities and women, from pursuing political careers.
• Why is it significant that over half of Congress members are millionaires?

  It indicates that wealthier individuals dominate politics, making it challenging for lower-income people to represent their interests in government.
• How does the lack of female leadership in high offices impact political representation?


  It perpetuates a gender gap, discouraging women from pursuing high office roles and limiting the perspectives brought to political leadership