Immune system

• What are the components of blood?

  Platelets, plasma, white blood cells, and red blood cells
• What is the function of platelets in the blood?

  Platelets are involved in clotting
• What is the role of plasma in the blood?

  Plasma carries dissolved substances like glucose and vitamins
• What is the function of white blood cells?

  White blood cells are responsible for immunity
• What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  Red blood cells carry oxygen
• What are the learning objectives related to the immune system?

  • Understand how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells
  • Understand how vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells
  • Understand how platelets are involved in blood clotting
• What are the two main groups of white blood cells?

  Phagocytes and lymphocytes
• What do phagocytes do?

  Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens
• What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

  Lymphocytes produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens
• What is agglutination in the context of antibodies?

  Agglutination is when antibodies bind to pathogens and cause them to clump together
• How do antibodies help in the immune response?

  Antibodies bind to pathogens, immobilizing them and making them easier for phagocytes to target
• What is the function of antitoxins released by some antibodies?

  Antitoxins neutralize harmful substances released by pathogens
• What happens during the primary immune response?

  There is no measurable immune response for the first few days, followed by steady antibody production
• How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary immune response?

  The secondary immune response is more rapid and produces antibodies in a much shorter time period
• What is the purpose of vaccines?

  Vaccines create immunity by introducing a dead or modified pathogen
• How do vaccines stimulate memory cells?

  Vaccines stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies and create memory cells
• What happens when the skin is broken in terms of blood clotting?

  Platelets arrive to stop bleeding and release chemicals that convert fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a clot
• What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting?

  Fibrin forms an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood cells to create a clot
• What is an antigen?

  An antigen is a chemical found on the surface of a cell
• What is an antibody?

  An antibody is a chemical made by lymphocytes that is complementary to an antigen
• What is an antibiotic?

  An antibiotic is a drug that slows down or stops the growth of bacteria
• What are the useful words for this week related to the immune system?

  • Red blood cell
  • White blood cell
  • Lymphocytes
  • Phagocytes
  • Ingesting
  • Antibodies
  • Pathogen
  • Platelets
  • Vaccination
  • Memory cells
• What should students have ready for the biology lesson?

  Writing equipment, lined, plain and graph paper, and a calculator
• What should students do before the explore lesson?

  Review the lesson content and notes, and watch any relevant videos
• What is the website for logging into Inspired AI?


  https://app.century.tech/login/
• What is the purpose of the plenary activity?

  To write down the names of different types of white blood cells and describe their structure and function
• How do pathogens mutate and affect immunity?

  Pathogens mutate, changing their shape so antibodies will not bind, leading to several strains
• What happens if a patient is reinfected with the same pathogen?

  Memory cells enable antibodies to be produced more rapidly and in greater numbers
• What is the significance of memory cells in the immune system?

  Memory cells contain information to create antibodies for specific pathogens, leading to faster immune responses
• What is the outcome of a successful immune response?

  A patient who is immune will not develop symptoms to that pathogen
• What is the role of the immune system in fighting pathogens?

  The immune system fights against foreign pathogens using white blood cells
• What is the relationship between antibodies and pathogens?

  Antibodies bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction by the immune system
• How do phagocytes and lymphocytes work together in the immune response?

  Phagocytes ingest pathogens while lymphocytes produce antibodies to neutralize them
• What is the importance of understanding the immune system for health?

  Understanding the immune system helps in developing vaccines and treatments for diseases